廠商聚集與生產力－－臺灣紡織產業的實證研究

AGGLOMERATION AND PRODUCTIVITY: FIRM-LEVEL EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN’S TEXTILE INDUSTRY

新經濟地理理論認為廠商聚集存在知識外溢與提高專業化分工程度等效益， 有助於廠商生產力的提升， 此論點雖有許多科技產業的實證研究支持， 但是否適用於成熟的傳統產業則有待驗證。本文主要目的， 是在探討臺灣紡織業的聚集程度和廠商聚集對於生產力的影響。我們利用經濟部民國86 至92年的工廠校正資料，首先計算臺灣紡織業的聚集指數，發現紡織產業為一個高度聚集產業，其中技術層次較高的紡織與織布業聚集度逐漸下降，但技術層次較低的成衣與服飾品業聚集程度卻上升。其次， 利用實證模型來研究廠商聚集對於生產力的影響進行估計， 實證結果指出， 聚集程度對於生產力具正向顯著的影響， 但聚集與生產力具非線性關係。也就是說， 當產業過度聚集時，將產生聚集不經濟的情況。此外， 雖然創新活動在紡織產業中並不普遍， 但研發費用對生產力具顯著的正向影響， 這顯示技術能力對於傳統產業（如紡織業） 的生產力提升， 仍為重要的影響因素。

The “NewEconomic Geography” theories claim that the geographical concentration can generate externalities through the advantages of knowledge spillover and specialization, thereby promoting firm productivity. This argument is widely supported in studies based on high-tech industries, while its application for traditional industries remains less examined. This paper aims to calculate the degree of agglomeration and its influences on productivity in Taiwan’s textile industry. Using plant-level panel data during the periods of 1997–2000 and 2002–2003, we find the textile industry has high geographic concentration. Econometric estimates show that geographic agglomeration has a positive and nonlinear relationship with firms’ productivity, particularly for small firms. Moreover, R&D exhibits a significantly positive impact on productivity, suggesting that innovation remains a key factor promoting productivity for the traditional industry of textiles in Taiwan.