臺灣人力資本與薪資不均之研究

HUMAN CAPITAL ANDWAGE DYNAMICS: EVIDENCE FROMTAIWAN

本研究探討臺灣22–64 歲不同技術水準之全職工作者， 在1978–2008年間之薪資變動與其勞動力質與量變動之關聯性。實證結果發現， 臺灣勞動者之實質薪資在1994 年之前呈現大幅度成長， 1994 年之後， 薪資成長率則大幅下降， 其中高中職以下之工作者在1993 年之後呈現逐漸擴大之負成長趨勢。勞動需求之下降超過勞動供給之下降，是其薪資負成長之重要因素。反之， 專科以上工作者在2001 年後， 其勞動供給之大幅增加是其實質薪資在2001 年之後呈現大幅負成長之重要因素。同時， 人力資本存量之累積對各人口群組薪資成長之影響， 扮演極為重要的角色。其中， 由學校教育所累積之人力資本存量對薪資之成長有顯著之正影響， 尤其是對專科以上工作者之薪資成長影響較大。由潛在工作經驗所累積之人力資本存量， 對高中職以下的勞動者之實質薪資成長有顯著之影響。而高中職以下勞動者之人力資本存量在1994 年之後逐年降低， 可能是影響其薪資為負成長之另一重要因素。

We examine the associations of both quantity and quality of human capital with the growth and the distribution of wages among full-time prime–age workers in Taiwan. Our results show that the annual growth rates of real wages for all demographic groups in Taiwan were substantially high before 1994, but then became negative for unskilled workers with 12 years of schooling and below since 1994 and for skilled workers with 14 years of schooling and above after 2001. The drops in labor demand outweigh the drops in labor supply of unskilled labor since 1994 are attributable to the negative growth in their wage rates. By contrast, after 2001, the rises in the labor supply of skilled workers outweigh the rises in their labor demand, which explains the decline in their wage rates. The growths of human capital both in education and working experience significantly explained the large amount ofwage growth over the period of 1978–2008. The contributions of human capital to wage growth mainly come from the formal education for skilled workers, and from learning-by-doing for unskilled workers.