喜博威之書中的引證與舉例

The Duality of Quotation and Representation in the Book of Sībawayh

本論文探討第一部完整的阿拉伯語法書—《喜博威之書》（KitābSībawayh)語料引證的雙方法，認為此書的引證是建立在兩大基礎上：其一是引證於語法學的shawaahid；其二則是列舉例句。本論文認為喜博威遵循特定的方法，交互運用這兩者。喜博威引證於shawāhid，目的在確認語法規則、溯其源、解釋違反規則的方言等。因此在他的書裡引證於許多shawāhid，這些shawāhid是違反當時通用語法規則的方言。至於他列舉的例句，通常是為了解釋及分析通用的語法規則。換言之，喜博威是最早認知藉舉例來闡釋語法規則的語言學者之一。此點可以從後來的語言學學者紛紛引用喜博威書中的例句，並仿效喜博威的方法，使用那些例句中的詞彙得到印證。本論文並認為引證於shawāhid或舉例的方式與語法主題有很大的關係：語法規則越是明確與通用，引證於shawāhid便越少，舉例說明便越多；語法規則越是稀有或不明確，引證於shawāhid便越多。

This research discusses an important duality in The Book of Sībawayh, which is described as the first syntactic book on Arabic language. This duality is represented in two essential pillars that form the essence of the book and its basic structure. They are: syntactic quotation and representation by composed examples. Thisresearch shows that Sībawayh employed this duality according to a methodology characterized by the integration and association of this duality.Sībawayh employed evidence from quotations to authenticate syntactic rules, establish their origin, and detail what contradicted such rules in vernacular dialects. He also discussed aspects of linguistic usage of these grammatical rules among native speakers. Therefore, he often used many quotations in this book documenting vernacular spoken dialects that exhibitedsome type of deviation away from established syntactic rules. Sībawayh often composed examples to explain and analyze established grammatical rules so as to reach an understanding of these rules. Consequently, it can safely be said that Sībawayh is one of the first syntacticians who sensed the importance of representation by composed examples in syntax, and considered it as a means to explain and illustrate grammatical rules. Perhaps, the emphasis of representation can be supported by the fact that subsequent syntacticians have used the same verbs and nouns from the sentences of Sībawayh’s examples as they occurred in his book. This research demonstrates that the type of syntactic themes will highly influence the way quotations and/or representations areused in The Book of Sībawayh. Which is to say, the more syntactic rules are established, the less is the quotation of syntactic evidence, and the greater is the representation by composed examples. On the other hand, whenever syntactic rules are less established or fixed, the greater the need for quotations.