剽竊與引言：論兩種內文（外來文）的實行

Plagiary and Quotation：Two pratices of intertextuality

如果，閱讀對一般人應該是愉悅的。然而對許多作家而言，它可能是種相當複雜的經歷。哈洛德〃布魯姆 （Harold Bloom）在《影響的焦慮> 一書中（The Anxiety of Influence）指出前輩詩人對於後世詩人如鬼魅般的纏繞不散。後者在此種揮之不去的影響下，因焦慮而對前人作品產生幾種異端的解讀方式。如果說，本書縝密的分析這些後世詩人在創作上如何被「負面性」的影響，但是其作者似乎沒有點出其根本性的問題，也就是關於「閱讀行為」。因為影響作家的焦慮，根本上是閱讀所帶來的。事實上，閱讀這個行為可能引發其他的心理現象。本文所要探討的便是兩種閱讀的情結。我將之分別稱為「閱讀的創傷與依賴」。要探詢這兩種近乎病態的閱讀心理，我們將借助於佛洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）的精神分析理論（psychoanalysis）, 並提供實例說明。所謂「閱讀的創傷」，部分指作家在他人的作品中發掘自己所不及之處，因而產生憂鬱之情所致。「閱讀的依賴」則部分來自於作家讀者罪惡感。這個罪惡感來自於永遠的知識匱乏之心。本文將同時進行的相關分析為—寫作的剽竊與引言的運用。創作之剽竊，事實上是與閱讀的創傷有相當關連。另方面，我們行文習以為常的引言，則是閱讀依賴心理的表現。不斷地引用他人（特別是有權威名望人士）之言，以鞏固其文章的權威，已內化成為一種（特別是在學術論文上）心理上的需要。也就是說，本文除了閱讀心理問題的探討，也是對寫作文本複雜的內在紋理結構（intertexture）（或稱文中之“外來文”）的檢視。

Reading is supposed to be pleasant. However, for literary writers, reading could be an experience full of complexity. In his The Anxiety of Influence, Harold Bloom deliberates on the way in which writers are influenced negatively by the works of the past generations. The feeling of anxiety in this way leads to distortion and misinterpretations. In fact, the so-called ‘anxiety of influence’ is produced by the very act of reading. In other words, reading may cause psychological problems. The present study aims to analyze two modes of writing: plagiary and quotation. It is argued that they are most likely the results of two forms of psychological complex. In the case of plagiary, it comes partially from the trauma of reading. As for quotation, it comes partially from the dependence upon reading. With the help of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the paper demonstrates the cause of this traumatic experience and that of the need for dependence. The former is derived from a form of inferiority complex, and the latter is caused by a complex of perpetual lack of knowledge. This study is therefore not only about the psychological process of reading, but also about the subject of intertextuality.