羅卡詩作中之吉普賽

The Gypsy in the Poetry of Federico Garcia Lorca

西班牙詩人羅卡（Federico Garcia Lorca, 1898～1936）在1928年出版詩集《吉普賽故事詩》（Romancefo gitano），一舉成名，之後被定位為「吉普賽詩人」（el poeta gitano）。羅卡本人雖表示不喜歡這個封號，但是，無可避免的，其詩作中的吉普賽元素，格外顯著。提到羅卡，便聯想到吉普賽人，雖然詩人並非吉普賽人。本文探討的，即是羅卡詩作中的吉普賽，包括幾個不同的方面：一、《吉普賽故事詩》及《深歌的詩》（poema del cante jando）中形式與內容的創 新；二、詩中吉普賽人物的象徵主義；三、羅卡的吉普賽神話以及深歌「精靈原理」（Teoria del duende）。藉由以上各方面的探討，本文試圖將羅卡詩作中的吉普賽做一定義及形容。結論為，羅卡在詩作中成功地融合幾種不同的形式及元素，創造出獨特風格：吉普賽主題與西班牙故事詩傳統的融合；詩、戲劇、吉普賽深歌的融合。同時，其詩作呈現吉普賽民族的兩面向：世俗的吉普賽世界以及神話的吉普賽世界。經由書寫吉普賽，羅卡顯現其對於無防衛之弱者的悲憫，以及其對於吉普賽精神中面對死亡熱情地活在當下之感同身受。

After the publication of his most renowned collection of poetry, Gypsy Ballads (Romancero gitano) in 1928, Federico Garcia Lorca (1898~1936) has been identified among Spanish poets as 'the gypsy poet' (el poeta gitano). Though the poet did not like this label, inevitably in his poetry the presence of the gypsy remains obvious. This paper tries to describe and define the gypsy in Lorca's poetry, by looking into the following aspects: (1) the innovation of contents and forms in Gypsy Ballads and Poem of the Deep Song (Poema del cante jondo); (2) the symbolism of the gypsy characters in Lorca's poems; and (3) Lorca's mythical gypsy and his theory of the duende (teoria del duende) about the deep song. The paper concludes that Lorca successfully created a style with the merging of traditional literary forms and gypsy contents, in which the gypsy world is depicted in two levels: one of the gypsy people and the other of the gypsy supernatural. By writing about the gypsy, Lorca showed his compassion for the defenseless and his sympathy with the gypsy spirit of living the present passionately in the face of the death.