International Anarchy in Perpetuity？A Re-Examination Based on the Perspectives of Classical Political Thinkers and Ancient Historical Experience

Structural realists, notably Waltz and Mearsheimer, have argued for the perm- tence of an anarchic international political system characterized by the absence of any centralized authority positioned above individual states. Mearsheimer has further suggested that a Sino-U.S. conflict is likely to occur in the future under conditions of anarchy. Based on the perspectives of classical realism. Chinese traditions, and rele- vant historical experience, we interrogate Mearsheimer's contention, arguing that hi- erarchies can thrive under conditions of international anarchy. Thus, international anarchy does not endure in perpetuity.