政黨自主、司法審查與黨內民主原則

Political Party Autonomy, Judicial Review and the Principle of Inner-Party Democracy

王金平黨籍訴訟案同時凸顯出國家管制（司法審查）／政黨自主的界限問題、政黨自主／個人自由的界限問題，以及黨內民主原則的適用範圍問題等。本文參考有限度審查說、司法審查基準理論、外國政黨法、國內外相關司法判決，對前述問題得出下列結論：第一，為能具體釐清政黨自主及司法審查之界限，筆者建立三階段之審查基準。依序審視：政黨在程序方面之規定及運作，是否違反國家法律規定及民主原則，致使黨員權利受到不合法之侵害，或受到少數人之打壓？政黨在實體方面之規定及運作，是否嚴重違反平等原則？政黨未嚴重違反平等原則之其他實體方面之規定及運作，是否違反民主原則？若此三問題其中有一題之審視結果為是，司法即應介入審查；若為否，則應尊重政黨自主。第二，政黨法應規定黨內紀律機關之成員，應由選舉或由黨主席提名後經黨內民意機關（如全國黨員代表大會或中央委員會或中常會）同意等方式產生，以符合民主原則。第三，鑑於政黨不同於一般人民團體之特性，我國實應儘速將政黨法立法，參考德國制度，規定黨員之除名由符合民主原則之黨內紀律機關審理及決議。

The lawsuit of Wang Jin-pyng’s party membership has exposed problems concerning the boundary between state regulation(judicial review)and party autonomy, between party autonomy and individual freedom, as well as the scope of application of the principle of inner-party democracy. Based on the “theory of limited review”, the standards of review, party laws of foreign countries, as well as related domestic and foreign judicial decisions, this study came to the following conclusions regarding the abovementioned questions. First, in order to set up a clear boundary between political party autonomy and judicial review, the author established a three-stage standard of review to examine in turn: (1)whether a political party’s procedural regulations and operation violate any laws of its nation and the principles of democracy, causing its members’ rights to be illegally infringed or oppressed by a minority; (2)whether a political party’s regulations and operation severely violate the principle of equality; (3)if the principle of equality is not violated, whether a political party’s regulations and operation violate the principles of democracy. If there is a positive answer to any one of these three questions, a judicial intervention and review should be carried out; if not, political party autonomy should be respected. Second, to follow the principles of democracy, party laws should regulate that members of an in-party discipline section should be elected or nominated by the party chairperson and approved by its public opinion section(National Party Congress or Central Committee or Central Standing Committee). Third, since political parties differ from common private organizations, it is recommended that the “party laws” of the Republic of China should be legislated as soon as possible. Take the German system as reference, the party laws should regulate that the expulsion(of a member)from a political party should be reviewed and decided by its in-party disciplinary section, and must follow the principles of democracy.