漢語與事大－－從朝鮮的漢語翻譯人材培訓看其對明政策的轉變

Chinese Langauge and Serving the Great: The Training of Choson Interpreters of Chinese Language and the Transformation of Chosǒn's Diplomatic Policy to Ming Dynasty

朝鮮王朝（1392-1910年）立國以來，一直奉行「事大以誠，保國之道」的政策，積極維繫與明帝國（1368-1644年）之間的朝貢關係。然而，礙於語言上的隔閡，朝鮮中國的使節或中國使節到訪朝鮮時，均不能直接與當地人對話。於是，朝鮮為了以最高規格的禮儀履行朝貢國的責任，特別成立司譯院，專注漢學翻譯的教育，以便於國書呈送及使節交流時，有足夠及合適的漢語譯官。這群漢語譯官雖然社會地位不高，但是其功能均受朝廷上下認同。然而，學術界大多只從語言學或制度史的角度，觀察譯官的歷史意義，卻忽略了他們對朝鮮王朝對外的政治及文化關係的影響。特別是，朝鮮十分重視對明的事大政策，故有必要理解這群漢語譯官的角色及出使經歷，從而反映出他們對朝鮮的對明政策帶來的影響。本文嘗試採用《朝鮮王朝實錄》、《承政院日記》、《通文館志》、《經國大典》等，並利用若干《朝天錄》作研究，從譯官制度及他們的經歷，認識朝鮮是如何看待事大事務。並討論在歷時200多年的對明關係之中，透過觀察譯官在朝鮮的地位轉變，窺視朝鮮對明政策產生的轉變。有關的研究成果有助補充傳統對明朝與朝鮮事大關係建立後的轉變過程，並重新肯定譯官在中朝關係之間的文化及政治角色。

The policy of ＂Serving the Great＂ 事大政策 is the main political objective of Choson Dynasty (1392-1910) during the early period and they actively remained the better tributary relationships with Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). However, language was one of the estrangements for the Choson envoys talked with the local Chinese when they were visiting Beijing. Therefore, they established Sayokwon (司譯院 Ministry of Interpretation) to train the ＂Yokkwan＂ (譯官 Official Interpreters) of Chinese language to carry out their tributary responsibilities and duties during the envoys trips to Beijing. Although Yokkwan were the middle class in Choson Dynasty, their duties were highly appreciated by the kings and senior officers. But current scholarships overlooked their historical significance on the Choson policy for diplomatic affairs and foreign intercultural relationships. So, it was needed to identify the role and experience of Choson Yokkwan during Ming Dynasty to understand how Yokkwan influenced to the changes of Choson's policy of ＂Serving the Great＂ in the era of Ming. This article will utilize the official documents of Choson Dynasty such as ＂Chosonwangchosillok＂, ＂Sungchongwonilki＂, ＂T'ongmun'kwanji＂ and ＂Gyongkuktaechon＂ as well as the personal records of the envoys to explain the system of Choson interpretation and the ＂Han-hakYokkwan's＂ activities in Choson diplomatic affairs. The elaboration will be used to understand how the ＂Yokkwan's＂ position changes were interrelated to the changes of Choson policy to Ming Dynasty. The research outcomes not only understood the Ming-Choson relationships changing, but also re-affirmed the cultural and political roles of Choson ＂Yokkwan＂ in Ming-Choson relationships.