生命的延展與超越－－王嘉《拾遺記》為亂世百姓所揭櫫的人生目標

The Extension and Transcendency of Life: The Direction of Life Guided by Wang Jia’s “Shi Yi Ji” for People in Troublous Period

王嘉向被視為道教樓觀派之先驅，所創作《拾遺記》以帝王譜系為經，健全是書內容具備雜史體例性質，使讀者相信長生不死非憑空杜撰之神話，而是人為努力所能達致的目標。今本《拾遺記》雖經蕭綺搜殘補缺、重新整理，從其正文與錄語、敘錄之存在道、儒思想的差異，適說明其大抵保留《拾遺記》正文原貌，而可作為瞭解王嘉思想之指標。本文以《拾遺記》十卷本為據，參酌王嘉生平事蹟及所處時代背景，從道教流派及思想之發展，歸納《拾遺記》之作有自神其教之意味。今從各則條文之梳理，總結《拾遺記》為亂世百姓所展示的願景，乃先承認帝王聖賢的成就與感天而生說的關聯，是知人間功業非後天努力所能獲致，唯有立志修道方為人生的皈依。其次以異域仙境之述說、仙藥資訊之掌握，及凡人遇仙在時代遞嬗下之漸次可能，強化長生說法的可信賴性。最後以學仙先得學會做人為前提，結合儒、道修行所分別著重的行善與寡欲，將對形上的追逐，回歸於現世反思，為亂世百姓找到人生的出口。

Wang Jia has long been considered as the pioneer of Taoism’s Louguai branch. His “Shi Yi Ji” was based on emperors’ pedigree and took miscellaneous style in its content. It advocated that immortality was not a fabricated myth but an accessible goal through human effort. The modern version of “Shi Yi Ji” was made up and rearranged by Hsiao Chi. Its content, remarks and preface manifested the differences between Taoism and Confucianism, which indicated that it generally kept the original content of “Shi Yi Ji” and could be served as an index to grasp Wang Jia’s thought. The present study was based on the ten volumes of “Shi Yi Ji” and delibrated Wang Jia’s life and the background of his time.From the development of Taoism branches and thought, it was induced that “Shi Yi Ji” conveyed the meaning of sering their own god. Now, from the analysis of each term, we can generalize the vision that “Shi Yi Ji” tried to provide for people in troublous period. First, it admited that emperors’ achievements were given by God. Achievements in the mortal world could not be obtained by the effort afterward. Being the ascetic was the convert of life. Second, the narration of exotic and wonder lands, control of information about God’s medicine and the greater possibilities that ordinary people met the celestial beings all reinforced the reliability of immortality. Finally, it proposed that learning the right way of acting as human was the prerequisite to become celestial beings. By combining the concepts of beneficence and few desires that Confucianism and Taoism focused respectively, it converted the pursuing of metaphysics into reflection of the present world, and guided the people in troublous period the definite direction of life.