陶淵明「飲酒」詩一至五探析──詩境與架構之討論

An Examination of Tao Yuanming’s “Drinking” Poems I to V

本文撰述的目的，在於針對陶淵明〈飲酒〉詩第一至第五首進行分析，以闡發詩作的內在意涵及其架構。我們以前五首詩的分析為例，這是因為，〈飲酒〉一至五就整組詩而言，具有論道總綱的地位。自〈飲酒〉第六「行止千萬端」始，即針對各別且複雜的人事問題進行討論，與一至五對於道之總括說明可做一區隔。故藉由〈飲酒〉一至五之討論，我們即可對詩人心志向往之道及其深度進行闡釋的工作。總結而言，〈飲酒〉詩的組成，有其結構上嚴謹編排及道理深度。如就〈飲酒〉第一至第五而論，其論述之脈絡次第為：〈飲酒〉第一泛論道與其特性；〈飲酒〉第二論人道之正（道在人）；〈飲酒〉第三論人道之誤（名利問題）；〈飲酒〉第四論自我體道之歷程；〈飲酒〉第五論自我體道之最終心境。從全詩而觀，則〈飲酒〉一至五所討論者，可作為全詩之總論看待。

The objective of this paper is to analyze the intrinsic meaning and structure of the first five of Tao Yuanming’s “Drinking” poems. We have chosen to focus on the first five poems due to the fact that they contain a discussion of the dao’s general principles. Beginning with the sixth poem in the series, “Traversing Thousands of Miles,” the discussion focuses on the complexity of specific human affairs, and this topical shift can serve to distinguish the first five poems from those that follow. Hence, through an examination of the first five “Drinking” poems, we are able to interpret the depth of the poet’s aspirations towards the dao. As a whole, the makeup of the “Drinking” poems has a tight organizational structure and a profound rationale. With regards to the first five “Drinking” poems, the logic of their layout is as follows: the first “Drinking” poem broadly discusses the dao and its characteristics; the second “Drinking” poem discusses the correctness of the human dao (with the dao being located in the human realm); the third “Drinking” poem discusses mistaken views of the human dao (the problems of fame and fortune); the fourth “Drinking” poem discusses the process of realizing the dao for oneself; and the fifth “Drinking” poem discusses the ultimate mental state that accompanies the dao’s realization. From the perspective of the entire series of “Drinking” poems, the topics discussed in the first five poems can be viewed as providing an overview of their content.