從貴族問題看《紅樓夢》與《人間喜劇》的異與同

The Dream of The Red Chamber and The Human Comedy: Comparison of the Differences and Similarities through the Problem of Nobility

在二十世紀的中國，隨著巴爾札克文學及恩格斯等哲學家的引進，「輓歌」逐漸成了《人間喜劇》的代名詞。因此，在中法比較文學興起的同時，《紅樓夢》也無法逃離被視為輓歌文學的命運。只是，這樣一個說法在五十年後的今天引起了爭議：《紅樓夢》是否和《人間喜劇》一樣，都在為貴族獻輓歌？本論文將以貴族問題做切入點，逐一審視這兩派學者的論點，試著從中找到一個合理的答案。首先，我們將先了解兩方貴族的定義及運作，接著，我們將討論巴爾札克文學及輓歌文學的關係。最後，我們將就小說裡呈現的「貴族問題」來進一步確認這兩部作品的異與同。

In the twentieth century China, with the introduction of Balzac’s literature and the rise of philosophers such as Engels, “elegy” gradually became synonymous with The Human Comedy. While the comparative literature turned into noticeable, The Dream of the Red Chamber was also categorized into the elegiac literature. However, after half a century, such an argument arouses a controversy: is The Dream of the Red Chamber the same as The Human Comedy that sings the dirge for the nobility? In this thesis, we will be focusing the problem of “nobility” by examining points made by scholars from both sides, and then try to come up with a reasonable conclusion. First, we will try to comprehend how “nobility” is defined by both sides and how it works for them; next, the discussion will be on the relation between Balzac's literature and elegiac literature. Lastly, we will distinguish the likes and differences between the two pieces through the problem of “nobility” as presented in the novel.