《薩德，閨房中的政治哲學：從政治的「性化」到性的「政治化」》

SADE OU LA POLITI QUE DANS LE BOUDOIR : DE LA SEXUALISATION DE LA POLITI QUE A LA POLITISATION DE LA SEXUALITE

本文主旨在於探討薩德侯爵的政治哲學中政治與性之間的關係。薩德侯爵嘗試以諷刺戲謔的方式將繁複無比的政治問題化約成純粹是性的關係。他不像盧梭或孟德斯鳩曾寫出嚴謹的政治哲學的著作，他對政治的論述卻是散見於他的文學作品中。其中最有名的為「閨房中的哲學」（La philosophie dans le boudoir）一書。對薩德侯爵而言，「性」是某種形式的政治。以「性」的解放為出發點，「無政府主義」和「專制主義」是他不斷歌頌的政治體制。他的政治觀的特點首先在於承認「性」的正當性的前題下，去承認所有「罪行」的合法性。即使是十惡不赦的「謀殺罪」也是符合大自然的法則，因為薩德的自然觀是破壞性的，否定性的。承認所有「罪行」的合法性及必要性後，世界上將不再有任何的「罪行」。其次，其作品有一種「類比」的傾向，即把縱淫者（libertin）比喻為政治上的獨裁者。兩者的共同點都是將人「物化」成淫樂的對象，然後加以奴役支配。性的關係就如同政治一般，都是屬於支配者／被支配者的性質。因此對薩德侯爵而言，專制主義有兩種：政治上的專制主義（despotisme public）和個人的專制主義（despotisme privé）。後者即可視為某種形式的「施虐快感」（sadisme）。本文將從「性化」的無政府主義和「脫軌」的烏托邦，這兩個角度去分析薩德侯爵以「性」為基礎的政治哲學。

This article aims to explore the relationship between politics and sex in Marquis de Sade's political philosophy. He tried ironically to reduce the complicated political questions into pure sexual relation. Unlike Rousseau or Montesquieu who have written serious work on political philosophy, Sade 's discussions are found in his literature works. 'La Philosophie dans le Boudoir' is the most famous one. For Marquis de Sade, 'sex' is one form of politics. From the starting point of 'sexual' liberation, 'anarchism' and 'despotism' are political forms he praised effortlessly. The special point of his political views are, first of all, under the premise of the legitimation of 'sex', he justified all crimes thus committed. Even the unpardonable 'murder' fits in the natural law, because Sade's natural view is destructive, and negative. After justifying all crimes and the necessity of 'crimes', there would not be any 'crimes' left in the world. Secondly, there is a tendency of 'analogy' in his works, he compared libertine (libertin) to the political dictator, they both reificate (chosifier) people (objects of lewd) and then dominate them as slaves. Sexual relationship is like politics, there are qualities of dominator/dominated in both of them. Therefore, there are two kinds of despotism, public despotism (despotisme public) and private despotism (despotisme prive). The latter could be seen as a form of 'sadism'. This article is going to analyze Marquis de Sade's 'sexually' based political philosophy from two angles, the 'sexualized' anarchism and the 'frantic' utopian.