《尚書》流傳問題的史學論述──試析馬雍《尚書史話》

A Historical Discourse of the Spread of Shang Shu: An Analysis of Ma Yong's Shang Shu Shi Hua

《尚書》的流傳，一向是《尚書》學中最基本之問題，而歷代學者於此爭訟不已。直至近今中國社會科學院歷史研究所的學者馬雍，首次嘗試以史學視角，重新針對《尚書》的流傳問題進行論述，撰成《尚書史話》一書，得到所謂「偽《孔傳古文尚書》」為東晉時人輯佚成果的結論，始令多數學者達成共識。《尚書史話》有效地釐清了爭訟已久的《尚書》流傳問題，在《尚書》學史上有重大意義，其所以能曲盡前人未竟之處，關鍵在其由史學視角所派衍出的史學論述。故本文以馬雍《尚書史話》為考察對象，以其針對《尚書》流傳問題的史學論述為中心，尋繹其論述脈絡，分析其特出之處，最終客觀呈現此書為後人所開創的新方法與新思路。根據本文的研究，《尚書史話》的特出之處有三：一、忠於事實，客觀呈現《尚書》版本流傳；二、詳考文獻，果敢構築嶄新論點；三、搜羅宏富，疏理辯證直截清晰。基於以上三項特質，《尚書史話》堪為經學史類著作中，奠定專經史寫作體例的先驅之作。更進一步而論，《尚書史話》採用以流變為綱的寫作方式，相對於當時主流的通史與專文兩種體例，更能兼顧發展脈絡的呈現與特定環節的探討，在《尚書》學史類著作中空前而獨特，可謂鑄形塑模，為往後的同類著作樹立優良典範。

The dissemination of Shang Shu or 'Book of Documents' has been a subject of scholarly controversy in the studies of Shang Shu. Until recently, Ma Yong, a scholar at the Institute of History affiliated with Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, wrote Shang Shu Shi Hua for the first time from a historical perspective to discuss the issue. In the book the author pointed out that the alleged false Wei Gu Wen Shang Shu consisting of scattered documents compiled in Dongjin Dynasty. As a result, Ma Yong's standpoints receive rave reviews among scholars. Shang Shu Shi Hua effectively resolved a long standing issue regarding the dissemination of Shang Shu which is significant in terms of the history of Shang Shu studies. The essential key for achieving the unachievable lies in the discourse derived from historical perspectives. Based on the historical discourse of Shang Shu Shi Hua focusing on the issue of dissemination. This study identifies the contextual factors, traces the origins and suggests without prejudice new methodologies and visions for posterity initiated by this book. According to the study, Shang Shu Shi Hua has three distinctive characteristics: 1. adhering to facts and fairly illustrating its dissemination. 2. exhaustive investigation of literatures creating bold new theories. 3. extensive research leading to clear-cut dialectics. Based on the aforementioned, Shang Shu Shi Hua is a definitive work with distinctive historical writing style in the history of classics studies. Furthermore, compared with the mainstream styles of general history and monograph at the time, 'Shang Shu Shi Hua's' evolving writing style incorporates both contextualization and specific passage discussions. Shang Shu Shi Hua is unprecedented in a unique way which has set a perfect example of its kind for further studies.