公元前3世紀秦嶺西段的生態環境──放馬灘秦墓木板地圖研究

The Ecology and Environment of West Qinling in the Third Century B.C. : The Wooden Maps of Qin Tombs at Fangmatan

放馬灘秦墓出土木板地圖圖示信息，對於中國古代地圖史、測量學史和地理學研究均有重要意義。有學者發表的“天水放馬灘地圖是中國也是世界上最早的實用地圖”的評價，似尚可商榷，但強調“實用”意義，卻切合秦人重視實用之學的文化傳統。放馬灘秦地圖的內容，有益於考察當地生態環境史的面貌。其中有關“大楠材”的記錄，尤其值得重視。古代行政地圖和軍事地圖都重視有關“林木”的信息的記錄和顯示。但是放馬灘地圖突出顯示“材”及其“大”“中”“小”以及是否已“刊”等，都應理解為反映當地植被條件及其經濟效應的重要信息。墓中出土木板畫描繪的林區野生動物形象，也有生態史料的意義。放馬灘秦墓地圖提供的有關林區水運的信息，對於我們認識當時的水資源狀況也有值得重視的價值

The graphic information on the wooden maps of Qin tombs unearthed in Fangmatan is of great significance in terms of ancient histories of Chinese cartography, surveying and geography. It is arguable that the maps of Tianshui Fangmatan are claimed to be the world's and Chinese earliest maps in practical use, however, the emphasis on their 'practicality' bears resemblance to the tradition of practicality in Chin dynasty. The contents of the maps are useful in investigating the aspects of local ecology and environment where the documented 'Phoebe zhennan material' proves to be most valuable. Both administrative and military maps in ancient times put emphasis on the recording and displaying of information about forest trees. The maps of Fangmatan highlight the trees' 'materials', 'sizes' and their 'publications' which are realized as reflecting on the local vegetation conditions and their economic benefits thereof. The excavated wooden board drawings depict images of wildlife in the forest region and represent significant historical data of ecology. The maps of Qin tombs in Fangmatan provide information about water transport in the forest region which familiarizes us with the water resources at the time and therefore proves to be invaluable.