論《聊齋誌異》王士禎評點的小說敘事觀

Research on the Narratology of Liaozhai Zhiyi from Wang Shizhen's (1634-1711) Marginalia

《聊齋誌異》（簡稱《聊齋》）最早的評點家王士禎，亦為評點文化的代表性範例。根據〈讀聊齋雜說〉，以為「是批經史雜家體」；此外，王士禎對照戲曲，早於後來評點家，觸及了文類互文性。《聊齋》王評應視為他的小說理念，至於《池北偶談》便是實踐。本文考察王士禎評點《聊齋》透露的小說敘事觀點，而以他的筆記作參照系，重構並反思其小說敘事美學。首先，他在評點《聊齋》志怪體小說，也關注筆法，顯示他對小說敘事藝術的重視。相關的文學評價又多出自《聊齋》傳奇體，亦顯示出他的審美要求。其次，他點評志怪體篇章，著眼於考據，也凸顯他不是以相同標準去衡量不同的小說文體（志怪和傳奇）。相對於此，同時代稍後文宗紀昀，王士禎已能欣賞「鋪陳」筆墨，認識到《聊齋》文學性價值，較傳統小說家觀點更為開明。此外，他跨文本的文學閱讀，影響了後世《聊齋》評家，如馮鎮巒。總之，王士禎不侷限於簡約敘事標準，靈活賞鑑「一書兼二體」；（盛時彥引紀昀語）可謂多元包容地閱讀文言小說諸文體敘事風格，啟發當代重構小說敘事文體理論的契機。

Wang Shizhen, the first commentator on ＂Liaozhai Zhiyi＂ (Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, abbreviated as Liaozhai), was a paragon of the poets of his time and a representative example of commentary culture. Based on Diverse Reviews of ＂Liaozhai Zhiyi＂ (Du Liaozhai Zas Huo), readers will be led to “the idea of criticizing ＂Liaozhai Zhiyi＂ in terms of its syncretic style. However, Wang Shizhen compared ＂Liaozhai Zhiyi＂ with Chinese operas and examined the book’s intertextuality well before other commentators. Wang’s marginalia on ＂Liaozhai＂ can be thought of as his philosopy on novel writing, a philosophy which was put into practice in ＂Chi Bei Ou Tan＂. In order to reconstruct and reflect Wang Shizhen's aesthetics regarding novel narratology, this research reviewed Wang’s perspectives on novel narratology through his marginalia on ＂Liaozhai＂, using his notes as references. Firstly, Wang addressed the intertextuality in classical literature while classifying ＂Liaozhai＂ as fiction (Zi-guai style). He also explained how to read ＂Zi-guai-style novels＂ using the ＂legendary method＂ (chuanqi fa), which in a way became a cross-stylistic concept of narratology. Most of Wang's marginalia about evaluating literature are based on the ＂legendary style＂ of ＂Liaozhai＂, and present his opinions on aesthetics. Secondly, Wang Shizhen's marginalia on Ziguai style fiction still emphasize sources and reveal that he evaluated stylistics (Zi-guai style fiction and legendary style writings) with different standards. In contrast to Ji Yun's views, Wang Shizhen recognized the value of poetic writing in ＂Liaozhai＂ and appraised its narrative style. This shows that Wang was more open-minded than traditional novelists. Moreover, Wang's cross-stylistic reviews had an influence on the later Liaozhai commentators. His marginalia are not limited to simplified narrative standards but rather appreciated ＂dual styles in a single book＂ in a diverse way. With his various reviews and his acceptance of narratology in Zi-guai style fiction, Wang provided us a different way of exploring Chinese literature from the perspective of narratology in Zi-guai style fiction. In summary, Wang Shizhen inspired the modern reconstruction of novel narratology through his syncretic eye.