王船山莊學之「德凝」觀－－評騭莊學為何通君子之道而又未立人道之極

The perspective of 'De-Ning' of Wang Quan Shan's studies of Zhaung-zi: Why Zhaung-zi's studies lead to the way of gentlemen but not establish the ultimate intent of humanity

船山莊學存在著一個有趣的議題，即船山曾提及「凡莊生之說，皆可因以通君子之道」，但又批判莊子未「立人道之極」。所謂「立人道之極」所指為何？又，莊子未「立人道之極」是欠缺何種內蘊？本文欲透過船山莊學的「德凝」觀，嘗試揭示莊學在船山莊學的思路脈絡之中，究竟如何能夠「通君子之道」？又如何未「立人道之極」？全文論証分成兩個階段：首先是「論『德』－莊學通君子之道」，說明「德」是緊扣著「氣」、「神」之義理概念，意即直接從最根本處入手，遂可察見莊學可通「君子之道」。其次是「論『德凝』－莊學未立人道之極」，在「德凝」與「修德」的相互參照之中，呈現出歸復與擴充之別，以及天道與人道的各有所重，由此可知船山莊學為何言莊子未立人道之極。

There is an interesting issue of Quan Shan’s studies, i.e. Quan Shan once said Zhaung-zi's studies could lead to the way of gentlemen but he also said Zhaung-zi didn't establish the ultimate intent of humanity. But what does the ultimate intent of humanity mean and what kind of substance do Zhaung-zi's studies lack? This paper tries to reveal how Zhaung-zi's studies lead to the way of gentlemen in the context of Quan Shan' studies through the perspective of ”De-Ning” of Quan Shan's studies of Zhaung-zi and why Zhaung-zi's studies can't establish the ultimate intent of humanity. This paper can be divided into two parts. One is about ”De”. ”De” is closely related to the meaning of ”Qi” and ”Shen”, i.e. discussing the meaning from the most fundamental position to realize why Zhaung-zi's studies lead to the way of gentlemen. The other is ”De-Ning”. In comparison to ”Xiu-De”, ”De-Ning” presents the difference between regression and expansion, and the different importance of the way of heaven and human being. That's why Quan Shan said Zhaung-zi didn't establish the ultimate intent of humanity.