資本、國家與宗教：「場域」視角下的當代民間信仰變遷

Capital, State, and Religion: The Transformation of Contemporary Chinese Popular Religion in the Perspective of 'Field'

隨著社會的不斷變遷，當代台灣民間信仰究竟發生了什麼樣的改變？目前有關民間信仰變遷的各種描述，背後都存在某種特定的界定民間信仰的方式。因為對民間信仰的界定不同，不同研究者所描述出來的變遷圖像便不盡相同。本文嘗試以「場域」這個新的視角來理解與描述當代民間信仰變遷，並且透過「靈力生產」的觀點將考察的焦點放在場域對神明靈力的關注上。在布迪厄「場域」的視角下，民間信仰場域的變遷主要呈現為資本結構的改變。在傳統的社會資本、文化資本、經濟資本與象徵資本之外，當代民間信仰場域出現了新型態的文化資本以及象徵資本，從而改變了場域的結構，也因而改變了當代民間信仰活動的面貌，使靈力生產模式從傳統的「自發型網絡模式」轉變為「建構型網絡模式」。而定義出新的資本類型的，則是擁有「元資本」的國家。經由「靈力生產」這個概念，本文嘗試說明民間信仰傳統的延續與變遷之間的關係，並且透過布迪厄有關場域自主性的觀點，提供一種理解國家力量如何影響民間信仰的不同視角。最後，本文透過「資本」的概念，也嘗試對去地域化、世俗化等民間信仰活動變遷做出初步的詮釋，希望這個視角也能在一定程度上解釋這些現象。

What happened to contemporary Taiwanese popular religion as society changed? This article presents a new perspective to comprehend and depict changes in contemporary Taiwanese popular religion. Through this perspective, the changing profile of popular religion can be depicted clearly and simply, and various current descriptions of popular religion can be understood in the same framework. This article uses Bourdieu's theory of 'field' to describe changes in popular religion and suggests that the nuclear change is the transformation of the types of capital and their deployment. There are new forms of cultural and symbolic capital emerging, thus transforming the religious field. This is the main reason why contemporary popular religion shows a new appearance. It is the force of the state, which owns the meta-capital, that comes into religious field and redefines the types of capital and the relations among them. This article provides a different view of the changing pictures of popular religion, such as 'de-territory' and 'secularization' through the mastery of the nature of new capitals. This article also illustrates the relationship between continuity and change in popular religion by describing its practical logic. Through Bourdieu's view of religion as an autonomous field, this article provides an alternative perspective for understanding how the state can influence religion.