文物之用？：中國文物體制的形構與轉變

The Use of Relics: (Trans)Formation of China's Cultural-Relic Institutions

本文以文物治理的治理目的與治理關係為分析軸線，考察當代中國文物管理體制，由此討論圍繞著歷史之物的人與人、以及人與物的制度性關係。本文討論兩個歷史時期﹝二十世紀初到1960年代文革爆發前、1978年改革開放以來的社會主義轉型期間﹞的中國文物管理體制，以分析社會主義到後社會主義期間文物治理的特性與變革。本文指出，中共建政以來，逐漸將圍繞著歷史相關的文化人造物的人與物的關係，建置化為文物國家所有制與分級管理的文物治理關係，以達成特定文化政治的治理目的；而改革開放以來，中國各地出現地方文物體制改革，展現出在商品化力量的影響下，地方文物治理在治理關係與治理目的上出現了改變，透過組織與制度關係的調整，以期更為市場化地運作文物資源，追求文物的經濟表現。本文並以陝西省的文物體制改革個案為例，討論改革開放脈絡下地方政府如何與國家競爭做為地方文物治理的行動者，以及所引發的衝突與矛盾。

Using the concept of cultural governance, this article analyzes China's cultural-relic institutions and discusses the use of cultural artifacts related to past-ness. It compares the aims and the relationships of the governance of cultural relics during two periods. The first period took place from the early twentieth century to the 1960s, when state ownership and Party-dominant ideology gradually institutionalized the governance of cultural relics during the formation of the socialist administrative state. The second period is the Reforms and Opening Era, when the forces of commodification influences the governance of relics, and 'reforms of local cultural-relic institutions' (hereafter 'reforms') bloom in changing central/local dynamics. This article further analyzes Shaanxi's case of 'reforms' to illuminate the changing features and emerging conflicts in the transformation of how cultural relics are locally governed. Two aspects of local cultural governance in the 'reforms' are the analytical foci here: aim and institutional relationship. This paper notes that 'reforms' reveal the changing aim of local cultural governance towards the pursuance of the cultural economy. It also discusses the rearrangement of the institutional relationship between cultural relics and actors that serve this changing aim of cultural governance.