將漢字羅馬化：一個「跨語際實踐」的文化政治學分析

Romanizing Chinese Characters: An Analysis of Cultural Politics in Translingual Practice

語言的跨界使用在當前日益普遍，但由社會學觀點對此一現象進行分析闡釋者，迄今尚不多見。本文以劉禾提出的「跨語際實踐」來總括語言的跨界使用，嘗試探討：跨語際實踐是一種怎樣的實踐？什麼樣的因素會影響人們的跨語際實踐？這樣的實踐本身，又會造成什麼樣的後果？本文以「漢字羅馬化」為例，透過全球觀點的制度分析，探討跨語際實踐背後所涉及的文化政治學。漢字羅馬化透過制度儀式而成為一種新的語言住性，既是「運作的產物」，也是「操作的模式」。作為一種「被結構的結構」，漢字羅馬化乃是政治場域與文化場域間，權力鬥爭與資本轉置的結果；中國大陸所制訂的《漢語拼音方案》，也在此文化政治的過程中，取得霸權地位，成為當前主宰的制度典範。作為一種「結構化的結構」，被高度制度化的《漢語拼音方案》，蘊含著符號權力與暴力，成為國族建構中的重要力量，而且藉由專名戰爭、改變分類法則與書寫規範，建立並改變了國族觀與世界觀。本文的文化政治學分析，提醒我們重新審視國家的角色與當今我們所處的國族現實。運用Bourdieu的實踐理論並擴大其場域概念，本文提供了一套分析架構，可作為日後進一步研究「跨語際實踐」的基礎。

Cross-boundary usage of language is becoming pervasive in our daily life, but how to analyze such a phenomenon from a sociological perspective remain unexplored and undertheorized. Borrowing Lydia Liu's concept of “translingual practice,” this paper aims to investigates: What kind of practice is translingual practice? What factors affect and determine translingual practice, and what are the consequences of such practice? Using the romanization of Chinese characters as an example, this paper analyzes the politics of culture behind translingual practice through an institutionalist approach from a global perspective. The romanization of Chinese characters, which is intended to become a new “linguistic habitus” through the “rite of institution” (Bourdieu), is itself an opus operatum and modus operandi. As “structured structures,” the romanization of Chinese characters is the product of power struggles and capital conversions between political and the cultural fields. It is through this process that the Hanyupinyin Fang'an developed by the PRC achieved its hegemonic status and become the institutionalized standard worldwide. As “structuring structures,” on the other hand, the highly institutionalized pinyin system, endowed with symbolic power and violence, has become an important force in shaping the nation. Through the battle of proper names, classification schemes and writing rules, it has established a new “nation-view” and the worldview. The analysis urges us to re-examine the role of the state in the nationalist reality that we live in. By employing Bourdieu's theory of practice and expanding his concept of field, the paper provides an analytical framework for further research on translingual practice.