眾擎易舉：臺日免疫知識拓展之制度與人事研究

Strength in Cooperation: The Spread of Knowledge of Immunology in Japan and Taiwan between 1890 and 1920

本文以日本中央政府和臺灣總督府的人事組織為核心，研究對世界醫學衛生帶來重要影響的免疫知識，如何在20世紀之交的臺、日兩地興起與發展。首先，免疫知識在日本的推展，約始於1890年代傳染病研究所設立後。其對外開設講習會、協助官方在各地追查病源及防治法，以及使血清疫苗成為國營事業、使傳染病研究所成為國營單位。其背後是北里柴三郎（技術家）、後藤新平（行政官）、長與專齋（私立衛生會）與長谷川泰（議員）等人的合作，以及日本本土醫界的隱然分立。而日本的免疫知識正起步發展時，臺灣改隸日本統治，日本的衛生行政與知識也帶入臺灣。尤其，後藤新平和高木友枝等人先後轉任臺灣後，從豬疫免疫實驗、鼠疫疫苗接種、臺灣醫學會雜誌宗旨、醫學生赴日參訪機構、人才引進和培訓、全民種痘計畫、成立牛疫血清作業所和臺灣總督府研究所等，均呈現免疫知識和免疫防疫政策不斷在臺灣擴大應用。又臺灣總督府研究所具有大規模、綜合學科和日本罕見等特色，原因包括後藤等人與臺、日兩地關鍵人事和機構的連結合作，以及該人等的國際見識。簡言之，不論日本或臺灣，使免疫知識發展的原因除是因為世界醫學潮流和防疫所需，更是因為某一群衛生行政首長，以及相關眾多人事資源共同合作的成果。如是人事團體的連結，除表現在1900年前後的免疫相關措施，也延續在1914年傳染病研究所移管後，臺灣選擇偏向舊傳染病研究所作法的決定上。

Between 1890 and 1920, knowledge of immunology became widely diffused in Japan and Taiwan. This paper examines how this knowledge was spread by looking at several critical organizations and individuals affiliated with the Japanese Central Government and the Japanese Colonial Government in Taiwan. First, knowledge of immunology in Japan began with the establishment of the Institute of Infectious Diseases (IID) in the 1890's. Not only did the IID take upon itself the tasks of setting up workshops, tracking the sources of diseases, and devising prevention methods, it also placed state-run organizations in charge of the manufacture of vaccines and serums, thus effectively making state-run organizations responsible for the study of vaccines and serums. Individual figures that played a critical role in the formation of the IID include the following: Kitazato Shibasaburou (technician), Gotou Shinpei (administrator), Nagayo Sensai (Chair of the Private Hygienic Society of Great Japan), and Hasegawa Tai (legislator). The Japanese Medical Society, which was independent of the government, also played a key role. In 1895, as knowledge of immunology was just beginning to take off in Japan, Taiwan was put under Japanese colonial rule. As a result, Japanese expertise in public health and its administration were introduced to the people of Taiwan. In particular, individuals such as Gotou Shinpei and Takagi Tomoe were transferred to Taiwan. Among the many measures taken during this time were the following: (A) immunology experiments relating to swine fever were carried out; (B) plague vaccines were administered to the public; (C) the Journal of the Taiwan Medical Association outlined several core objectives; (D) medical students from Taiwan were given the opportunity to visit immunology institutions in Japan; (E) specialists either came to Taiwan from Japan or were trained locally in Taiwan; (F) the smallpox vaccine was administered to the general public; and (G) the Ako Anti-Rinderpest Serum Institute and the Taiwan Government Research Institute (TGRI) were established. All these measures contributed to the spread of immunology knowledge and the enhanced applications of immunology prevention policies. Moreover, the TGRI distinguished itself by the scale of its operations and the scope of its interdisciplinary knowledge. Both were at a level rarely seen in Japan. It succeeded in its endeavors on account of close cooperation between key figures and organizations and the international vision embodied by these people and organizations. In short, the push for the development of immunology knowledge derived from trends in international medicine, the need for disease prevention, and the cooperation among health administrators and many other relevant personnel. This close link among various key figures left its mark on disease prevention in Taiwan. Its influence manifested itself in another way as well: even after control over IID was transferred to Tokyo Imperial University in 1914, Taiwan continued to follow its methods of disease prevention.