論薩拉曼迦學派（Salamanca Schule） ——以Francisco de Vitoria之法思想為中心

A Review on the Salamanca School of Thought: The Legal Thought of Francisco de Vitoria

近來，發源於16世紀西班牙伊比利半島的「薩拉曼迦學派」 （Salamanca Schule），因國際情勢的演變而逐漸受到學者的注意， 並重新發掘其學說的重要性。薩拉曼迦學派在法學上的意義，即在 於其重新架構自然法，由人的本質出發，認為人都具有相同的本 質，所以享有相同的權利與自由，當然也包括美洲的原住民，他們 對於自己的土地享有私有權，也有權抵抗暴力的傳教活動。這樣的 思想與當時主流的觀點不合，後者主張原住民族僅僅具有不完全之 理智能力，一如孩童，因此不能與歐洲人平起平坐，需要歐洲人的 領導。 學派創立者Francisco de Vitoria被譽為是國際公法之父，因他繼 承中世紀神學自然法的傳統，面對新的政治、經濟處境，針對人的 本質、國家的概念、人道戰爭、國際社會應有的秩序等，發展出新 的國際法觀點，並形成新的世界體系，也形成西班牙經院哲學的特 色。他努力推動理性化與神學理論的伏流結合，將精神的影響力限 縮在神學的領域，而世俗的力量相對於精神思想的力量，則以神學 理論予以正當化。此外，在世俗化或理性化的過程中，原先教會法 的角色移轉到世俗化的萬民法，而他由宣教權所開展出來的「溝通 往來之法」也扮演重要的角色。作為其核心的宣教在此轉變成世俗 的，一般性的溝通概念。薩拉曼迦學派承繼中世紀基督神學以 「愛」為本質的觀點，為近代人權的發展，發揮重要的作用。

Recently, the “Salamanca School of Thought”, which originated from the Iberian peninsula in Spain in 16th century, has gradually gained scholars' attention as they rediscover the importance of its doctrines as the international situation evolves. From the perspective of human nature, the Salamanca School thought reformulated the concept of natural law and argued that given that all humans share the same nature, they also share the same rights to life and liberty, including the ownership of the land of the aboriginal people in America as well as their right to resist the missionary activities. Such a perspective was incompatible with the prevailing view of the time which advocated that like children, aboriginal people only possess incomplete intellectual ability that in turn made them inferior and needed to be led by the Europeans. Francisco de Vitoria, the founder of the Salamanca School has been often considered as the father of the international law as he inherited the tradition of the medieval natural law of theology. Faced with new political and economic situations, he developed new viewpoints for the international law and the new world order emphasizing the human nature, concept of the state, humanitarian war, and order for the international society. All of which has become the characteristic of Spanish Scholasticism. He strived to integrate rationality and theology and limited the influence of the mind to the realm of theology, and justified the secular forces using theological theory. Also, in the process of secularization or rationalization, the former church law was transferred to the secular law of peoples. His “law of communication” which was extended from evangelization has become secular and general concepts of communication. The Salamanca school of thought is important in that it inherits the idea of “love” from the medieval Christian theology and emphasizes the development of modern human rights.