從美國基改食品標示規範論消費者知情選擇的內涵及實踐

The Content and Implication of Consumers’ Informed Choice: Lessons from the American GM Food Labeling Regulations

我國食品安全衛生管理法過去著重於衛生管理，但二○一三年修法時，「知的權利」成為第四條食安措施的依據之一，知情選擇的內涵儼然成為未來立法須面對的重要課題。相對地，基改食品標示在美國引發的司法實務爭訟以及學說爭辯，對於我國知的權利的內涵以及界線卻可提供許多啟發。本文首先從學理角度探討知情選擇的定義，再介紹美國聯邦食品藥物管理局對食品標示政策的立場及管轄權爭議，接著分析司法實務上考慮商業性言論自由等所建立的標示原則，並檢視美國甫通過的聯邦基改食品標示法，最後針對我國規範提出建議。

The Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation in Taiwan in the past mainly focused on risk management. Pursuant to the 2013 amendment to article 4, the notion of “right to know” is incorporated into one of the principles of food measures. The undefined reference to informed choice will definitely become a pressing issue for future legislation. By contrast, the various lawsuits and tremendous scholarly discussion that involve GMO labeling can provide valuable insights for the content and limit of consumers’ right to know. This article first defines what an informed choice means from theoretical perspectives, then introduces the attitude of Food and Drug Administration towards GMO labeling and the controversy of its jurisdiction, analyzes the legal principles of mandatory labeling established by judicial judgments, examines the just-passed U.S. GMO labeling law and then reviews our current practices, hoping to serve as a model for relevant researches and regulations.