加拿大軍事司法的建構與防衛聯盟的啟發

The Construction of Canadian Military Justice and the Inspiration of Defense Alliance

加拿大因擁有健全、公平、精銳的軍事司法系統而聞名。該系統已成功密集運作至今，特別是近十多年來軍事審判的活動頻繁，主要歸因於加拿大武裝部隊在阿富汗和全球區域的維和部署。評斷一國治軍工具的機能性，必須要能通過軍事司法各種制度和時間的檢驗，而充分證據顯示，加拿大軍事司法系統持續滿足加拿大武裝部隊的需求，並且恪遵加拿大憲法和人權價值，以完善、和諧的方式不斷修正進步。不論如何，軍事司法系統的核心功能應專注在軍紀、效率和部隊士氣的維持，以及指揮鏈在各個階段能發揮堅強有力的作用。為確保軍事司法系統的有效運行，加拿大國防部組織置有獨立的偵查起訴、審判、辯護督導機關。對照美國軍事審判可能存在的缺點和疑慮，加國的軍事審判幾乎更趨近普通刑事審判措施的對等平行。本文爰此深入分析，冀供我未來軍事司法系統興革之參考。

Canada has a sound, fair, and effective military justice system. The system has operated successfully throughout its existence, most recently through over a decade of intense operational activity with elements of the CAF deployed in Afghanistan and throughout the world. This operational crucible through which military justice systems must all ultimately to be tested provides clear evidence that Canada's military justice system continues to meet the needs of the CAF. Canada's Military Justice System continues to evolve in harmony with the requirements of the Canadian constitution and with Canadian values generally. However, at its core, the system remains one that is focused on contributing to the maintenance of discipline, efficiency, and morale of the CAF, and one that preserves a strong role for the chain of command at all appropriate stages. In contrast of American courts-martial, Canadian courts-martial are almost similar to the ordinary criminal court's measures in parallel. This paper, explor as the Canadian military system for our reform reference in the future.