國際關係理論國際體系理論化研究及其知識論思辨：非均衡體系理論的知識論反思

An Analysis of Systemic Theorization of International System in International Relations Theory and Its Epistemological Speculation: The Reflection of Non- Equilibrium Systems Theory

從1950、60年代受到政治學「行為主義革命」的影響，國際關係理論開始嘗試建立科學的研究，「科學派」遂以「體系論」（system theory）進行國際關係的理論化，國際關係的理論化也就成為國際體系的理論化。歷經1960年代只有少數國際關係學者關注國際體系理論的「相當低度發展的階段」，1970年代起逐漸有較多不同的學者都嘗試藉由其他學科（例如社會學、生物學、控制學）學者的體系理論提出不同的「國際體系」理論化途徑，1980年代由新現實主義國際體系理論主導的盛行時期，至1990年代建構主義及國際歷史社會學理論學者。歷經數十年的國際體系理論化發展，國際關係學者仍是以「均衡體系理論」的觀點為基礎，探索國際體系的特質、結構與變遷。到了2000~10年代則是出現迥然不同以往的國際均衡體系論， 嘗試從新的「現代體系理論」均衡體系理論到「複雜理論」的「非均衡體系理論」觀點進行國際體系的理論化，豐富了國際體系理論的理論化研究。本研究探討國際關係理論學者運用「體系理論」作為國際體系理論化的探索進程，這從「均衡體系理論」而到「非均衡體系理論」的探索過程呈現出國際關係理論研究的持續性、動態性及多樣性。本研究首先探討國際關係學者引入「體系理論」的歷史過程，以說明「體系理論」在國際關係理論研究的重要性；其次，探討主要的國際關係理論的國際體系理論化觀點，以說明各理論學派的國際體系理論化差異；第三，探討新興引進的「現代體系理論」與「複雜理論」的國際體系理論化觀點，以說明從「均衡體系理論」到「非均衡體系理論」的新觀點；第四，以知識論的觀點思辨「體系理論」在知識論上的意涵，以及學者以二元對立觀點思考「均衡體系」與「非均衡體系」的知識論誤解；最後，評論「非均衡複雜體系理論」對國際關係理論研究的影響及可能發展方向。

Following the behavioralism revolution of political science in the1950–60s, attempts for international relations (IR) theory to become scientific began with the theorization of IR through systems theory that engendered the theorization of international systems. Through an underdeveloped stage nvolved with only a few scholars in the 1960s, a contending stage with various approaches proposed in the 1970s, a dominated stage of neorealism in the 1980s, and to an opposite stage of constructivism and international historical sociology in the 1990s, IR theory experienced decades of systems heorization. During this period, IR scholars adopted the equilibrium systems theory to explore the characters, structures, and changes. The 2000s–2010s saw the birth of a new equilibrium systems theory of “modern system theory” and a non-equilibrium systems theory of “complexity theory,” both greatly enriched the theorization of international systems theory. his research explores the process by which IR scholars use systems theory to theorize international systems. From equilibrium systems theory to non-equilibrium systems theory, continuity, dynamicity, and diversity of IR theory are revealed. This paper (1) explores the historical development of system theory introduced by IR scholars to show case the importance of systems theory in IR theory, (2) explores the theorization of international systems in major international relations theories and catalog their differences, (3) present the perspectives of the emergent “modern system theory” and “complexity theory” of international system theorization, (4) explores the epistemological speculation on the equilibrium system theory and non- equilibrium system theory, and on the misunderstanding of binary opposition about the two theories, and (5) discuss the complexity theory's impacts on IR and future developments of the process.