依違於儒道之間──從文學表現論潘尼的處世心態

To Abide and Violate between Confucianism and Taoism - on Pan Ni's Attitude toward Life and Literature Expression

在對西晉重要文人的研究中，潘尼往往被從父潘岳的文學光芒所掩蓋。誠然，從文學史的角度看，潘尼並非是西晉時期的頂尖人物，但若論及士人心態與處世表現，在西晉任誕頹靡的士風中，潘尼的確有其獨特性。他批判當世士風之淪喪，寫下許多「究人道之綱」的作品，強調恪守正道、少私寡欲。潘尼投身官場，展現積極用世的態度。他雖然未因欲攀附當道而加入「二十四友」，然而在輔佐皇室、擁護名教的行徑下，於己身危殆時卻屢屢表現出傾向明哲保身、委運任化的道家式隱逸心態，這種心態也使得他成為西晉少數涉足政治而得以善終的士人。潘尼依違於儒道之間的表現，的確是西晉士人的一個特殊面向。本文擬綜合探討潘尼的處世心態與文學表現，試圖對其「亦儒亦道」的行事風格做較全面的理解並做出評價，以期發覺西晉士人在委靡士風外的另一種處世面貌。

In researches on the Xi Jin Dynasty's important literati, Pan Ni is often glossed over by his father Pan Yue's literature radiance. Indeed, Pan ni is not one of the top characters in Xi Jin Dynasty from the point of view of literature history. But regarding scholars' mentality and attitude and performance, Pan Ni is quite unique comparing the decadent intellectual ethos of Xi Jin at that time. He criticized the decadent morale and wrote many works about the pursuing of humanity, emphasizing to abide by the right Way, to reduce selfishness, and hold few desires. He threw himself into the officialdom and showed a positive attitude towards life. However, he didn't played up to people of power and influence in order to join the 'Twenty-four Friends'. Meanwhile he showed the tendency to be worldly-wise and make himself safe and held the secluding attitude to protect himself in dangerous situations, under the exterior behavior of serving the royal family and advocating the Confucian ethical code. This attitude also makes him stand among the few scholars in Xi Jin who got involved with politics but managed to survive. Pan Ni's abiding and violating between Confucianism and Taoism is definitely a unique aspect among the Xi Jin's scholars. This article aims to make a comprehensive discussion on Pan ni's attitude toward life and his literature expression, making an attempt to wholly understand and evaluate the pattern of his conducts with both Confucianism and Taoism characteristics, so as to explore another kind of attitude towards life which is different from the pervasive decadent morale of Xi Jin's scholars.