古漢語時體標記的語序類型與演變

The Word Order and Development of the Aspectual Markers in Old Chinese

本文指出，上古漢語與現代漢語的時體標記有不同的語序類型。現代漢語的完成體助詞「了1」和經驗體助詞「過」都是近代漢語時期才產生的；在上古漢語時期，時體基本上只用副詞表達，如完成體用「已」、「既」，經驗體用「嘗」、「曾」等。上古漢語的時體副詞在語序上一律位於動詞前；現代漢語的時體表達兼用副詞和動詞後的助詞，二者在功能表達上則有重疊與分工。本文還探討上古漢語完成體副詞的使用狀況與功能、形成的機制以及其後來功能上的變化，也探討現代漢語時體助詞「了」、「過」的由來與演變機制。文中還指出，不但中古漢語時期「VP+已」的「已」已經是完成體助詞，而且這個完成體助詞在先秦也已經成立，因此完成體助詞「已」是漢語內部自行發展出來的。

In this paper, we show that the word order of the aspectual markers in Old Chinese is different from that of Modern Chinese. The perfective aspect “le1 (了1)” as well as the experiential aspect “guo (過)” in Modern Chinese appeared as late as the period of Early Mandarin Chinese. Grammatical aspect in Old Chinese was expressed by adverbs, for example, “yi (已)” and “ji (既)” for perfective aspect and “chang (嘗)” and “ceng (曾)” for experiential aspect. Aspect is expressed by pre-verbal adverbs in Old Chinese whereas both pre-verbal adverbs and post-verbal particles are used to denote the same function in a cooperative way in Modern Chinese.