數量詞及其多功能部件

Quantifier Words and Their Multi-functional(?) Parts

形式語意學經常基於組合原則，以詞為建構語意的最小單位。然而，近期各種語法理論都指出，詞並非語法劃分的最小單位；類似的觀點也見於分析最高級的組合語意學上。本文採用這種向下延伸組合語意學的理論，探討一些助詞（如日語的 ka 和 mo、中文的「都」、匈牙利語的 vala/vagy、mind 以及 is）如何組成數量詞，並且充當連接詞、遞增詞、程度詞、疑問詞以及存在動詞。本文主要的目的在於討論這些跨語境助詞是否具有高度規律化的語意相似性，抑或僅是一些具有家族相似性的不同語意詞彙化後的結果。本文雖無具體結論，但卻運用布林語意學及詢問語意學的原理提出許多可能的分析。本文同時也有系統地比較 mo 和「都」的異同，並且透過極大性與遞增性來評論先前的分析。

Formal semantic analyses often take words to be minimal building blocks for the purposes of compositionality. But various recent theories of morphology and syntax have converged on the view that there is no demarcation line corresponding to the word level. The same conclusion has emerged from the compositional semantics of superlatives. In the spirit of extending compositionality below the word level, this paper explores how a small set of particles (Japanese ka and mo, Chinese dou, and Hungarian vala/vagy, mind, and is) form quantifier words and serve as connectives, additive and scalar particles, question markers, and existential verbs. Our main question is whether the meanings of these particles across the varied environments are highly regular, or they are lexicalized with a variety of different meanings that bear a family resemblance. This paper does not reach definitive conclusions, but it raises analytical possibilities using Boolean semantics and Inquisitive Semantics (the semantics of alternatives). It also draws attention to systematic similarities and some differences between the multiple uses of mo and dou that have not been studied in the literature, and reviews accounts in terms of maximality and additivity.