準名詞併入為隱性名詞併入：線性化與跨語言變異

Pseudo Noun Incorporation as Covert Noun Incorporation: Linearization and Crosslinguistic Variation

在沙卡語和塔米爾語裡，準名詞併入有嚴格的線性鄰接限制－－在 PF 裡，不但是名詞組，連名詞也要與動詞鄰接。筆者主張，此一鄰接限制可以以如下的方式來解釋：在 LF 裡，名詞組主要語加接到動詞上，與動詞形成一個複雜謂語的語意單元；在 PF 裡，如果沒有任何句法成份阻隔，名詞組主要語與其痕跡之間就會有鄰接限制。同時，筆者也討論準名詞併入之句法變異：（一）在某些語言裡（如沙卡語和塔米爾語），併入的名詞沒有格位與呼應，但在其他語言裡（如印地語與匈牙利語），併入的名詞則有格位與呼應；（二）在印地語這一類的語言裡，動詞移位到時制破壞了動詞與併入名詞的連結，因此就沒有鄰接限制。

Pseudo noun incorporation (PNI) constructions in Sakha and Tamil obey a strict linear adjacency condition, such that not only the noun phrase (NP) but its head noun must be adjacent to the verb at phonological form (PF). I argue that this adjacency condition can be explained if the head of the NP adjoins to the verb to create a unit interpreted as a complex predicate at logical form (LF). The resulting structure can be linearized at PF if and only if no syntactic expression comes between the two copies of the noun, forcing adjacency on the construction. I also discuss two sources of variation in the syntax of pseudo noun incorporation: the fact that pseudoincorporated nominals are invisible for case and agreement in some languages (Tamil and Sakha) but not others (Hindi and Hungarian), and the fact that the adjacency condition is canceled in languages like Hindi, where Verb-to-Tense movement serves to break up the verb-noun phrase (V-NP) cluster.