台灣閩南語情態詞的否定類型探索

Negative Patterns of Modals in Taiwanese Southern Min

本文探索現代台灣閩南語義務、認識、動力、意願四種情態的否定。義務、認識情態的否定都會涉及必然／必要或可能性，其否定為不必要／不必然或不可能；內外在動力情態否定也會涉及行為本身沒有能力施行某事或因外在因素而不能從事某事；意願或欲求的否定表示沒有意願或欲求從事某事。本文也指出有些情態詞，如tioh8「著」或gau5「豪」只能用異幹互補的方式表示否定。情態詞的否定反映出語言中綜合性（如合音）及分析性（複合化）兩個互相制衡的傾向。

This paper deals with four negative patterns of deontic, epistemic, dynamic and boulomaic modals in modern Taiwanese Southern Min. Deontic and epistemic modality involves the notion of necessity and possibility, and its negation is nonnecessity and impossibility. Negation of dynamic modality bears on the issue concerning the actor’s inherent inability to carry out an action or incapability to do so due to outer circumstances. Negation of boulomaic modality indicates the lack of intention or desire to do something. As put forward in the paper, the negation of some modals such as tioh8 and gau5 can only be expressed in terms of suppletion. Negation of modals shows both synthetic and analytic tendencies manifested in fusion and compounding, two balancing morphological processes.