分類詞與量詞的句法結構：詞彙功能語法的分析

Structure of Classifiers and Measure Words: A Lexical Functional Account

對於數詞 (Num)、分類詞與量詞 (C/M)、名詞 (N)，如「三匹馬」或「三箱書」，三者之間的結構，先前的看法可分三種，一是 [Num C/M] 先形成詞組，二是 [C/M N] 先形成詞組、三是兩種結構都需要。本文主旨在於論證 [Num C/M] 的結構不僅能捕捉 C/M 兩者之間的共通性（例如兩者在數學上均可解讀為被乘數，其質分別為 1 與 ¬1），同時在類型學上也能完整解釋[Num C/M N] 在語言中存在的四種詞序；相形之下，另外兩種看法均會產生過度生成 (overgeneralization) 與生成不足 (undergeneralization) 的缺失。本文並在詞彙功能語法 (Lexical-Functional Grammar, LFG) 的理論架構下對漢語分類詞與量詞做出形式分析。C/M 兩者的詞組結構 (c-structure) 相同；但其功能結構 (f-structure) 不同：分類詞與 N 同為中心語 (co-heads)，在此也表現出分類詞如何彰顯 (profile) N 的某項本質特徵，而量詞的功能則是 N 的QUANTIFIER。

Chinese [Num C/M N] include a uniform left-branching, right-branching, or split structure. This paper demonstrates that the left-branching structure best captures C/M’s common properties─among others, they are unified mathematically as the multiplicand (1 and ¬1 respectively) ─ and also offers the simplest account of word order typology. By contrast, the right-branching and the split account both over-generate and under-generate. A formal account is offered within Lexical Functional Grammar. C/M share the same left-branching (constituent) c-structure but differ in (functional) f-structure, where C serves as a co-head of N, but M heads the QUANTIFIER function. The f-structure proposed reflects the insight that cognitively C, not M, serves to profile an essential feature of N, in the sense of Fillmore (1982), and also captures the selectional restrictions between C and N.