客語疑問代詞「麼」的來源與演變

The Origin and Evolution of ma Interrogatives in Hakka

本文從語法化與詞彙化互動之觀點探討客語「麼」相關疑問語詞的來源與演變。主要透過漢語方言比較，以及有關「麼」、「个」等相關語詞歷時來源與共時音韻的考察，加上從客方言內部句型結構的演變及構詞能力的分析，主張客語的「麼」是個依前詞素，其中「麼个」、「做麼个」在客語發展的一開始，即可能先從短語因重新分析而歷經了詞彙化，同時從語詞或構式語法功能變得較虛來看，「麼个」、「做麼个」的形成也具有結構類型及其成分重新分析的語法化特徵，至於具能產性的「V 麼个」則屬重新分析、構式類推與語用功能強化的語法化結果。

By examining the interaction between grammaticalization and lexicalization, this paper presents a study on the origin and evolution of ma interrogatives in Hakka. We propose that ma in Hakka is a pre-bounded interrogative morpheme. We hypothesize that the interrogatives ma ge and zo ma ge were probably phrases. After having undergone reanalysis and because of pragmatic factors, they went through lexicalization. Meanwhile, they were also grammaticalized. The productive construction “V ma ge” is a result of grammaticalization by reanalysis, analogy and pragmatic strengthening which always depend on context.