陝北神木話的趨向動詞及其語法化

Directional Verbs and Their Grammaticalization in the Shenmu Dialect of Shaanxi

陝北神木話趨向動詞表達終點位移事件的格式是“D2＋Loc＂“D1＋ Loc＋(D2)＂“V＋D1＋Loc＋(D2)＂，作連動式前項還有“D12＋Loc＂“V＋ D12＋Loc＂格式；動趨式帶賓語的首選語序是“V＋D12＋O＂，其次是“V ＋D1＋O＋D2＂；“來、去＂作補語的格式是“V＋得＋D2＂；趨向補語可能式是“V＋D＋嘞＂“V＋不＋D＂，但“去＂須用“V＋得＋去＋嘞＂“V＋不＋得＋去＂；趨向動詞有方位詞化的用法，可充當介詞“往＂的賓語。在作趨向補語的基礎上，“上、下、開、開來＂演化為體標記，“起＂則有表起始體、可能、時間、虛擬等用法。

In the Shenmu dialect of Shaanxi, the patterns of the directional verbs demonstrating the end-displacement events include: “D2+Loc”, “D1+Loc+(D2)”, and “V+D1+Loc+(D2)”; the patterns showing the heading items located before the linked verbal structures are “D12+Loc” and “V+D12+Loc”; the two orders of the objects of the directional verbs are “V+D12+O” and “V+D1+O+D2”. The structure in which the verbs 來 and 去 are used as complements is “V+得+D2”, while those of the directional complements are “V+D+嘞” and “V+不+D”, but structures using 去 should be “V+得+去+嘞” and “V+不+得+去”. The directional verbs can be used as position words, and can also be used as the objects of the preposition 往. The usual words of directional complements have become aspect markers.