功能構詞法中的投射與構式：以古英文的HRĒOW 為例

Projections and Constructions in Functional Morphology: The Case of Old English HRĒOW

本文旨在應用字詞分層結構 (Layered Structure of the Word, LSW) 的理論架構來分析古英文HRĒOW 一字的衍生變化，並藉此支持以結構－－功能為主的理論模式如角色指稱語法 (Role and Reference Grammar) 來分析語言結構。雖然一般認為，構詞分析無法達到完全的規則性，如能以投射及構式來解釋，並結合以橫列 (syntagmatic) 及縱比 (paradigmatic) 的分析來描述，便能夠解釋衍生構詞現象中部分共時的規則性，並對一些不具衍生力的構詞形式有新的看法。就歷時的分析而言，本研究著重在討論，如果將衍生的來源及目標詞類的定義都考慮進去的話便具有規則性的衍生過程。以本研究所採用的理論架構而言，功能性的詞類可以經過功能的調整，並透過作用在詞彙結構上的語意──形式聯結來產生全然特殊化的字詞，這些字詞會由字詞分層結構來呈現。就共時的分析而言，衍生的縱比變化會從共時及歷史的兩個軸向來表示出構詞的關聯性。同時，小核心崁套原則 (Nuclear Shell Principle)規定，字詞分層結構的小核心 (Nucleus) 將結構不明，不具衍生力，且其生成過程只能從歷時分析中回復的詞幹獨立出來。如此便能區分共時分析中不具衍生力及具有衍生力的過程。本研究也討論字詞分層結構及跨語言分析的相關性，並結論出分層的構詞結構及構詞模板 (morphological template) 可適用於非印歐語系的語言，而詞彙的否定、修飾、使動及關係詞最有可能成為普遍的詞彙運符 (operators)。

The aim of this article is to apply the framework of the Layered Structure of the Word (LSW) to the derivational paradigm of Old English HRĒOW, thus contributing to the debate over morphology in structural-functional models of language such as Role and Reference Grammar. In general, the line is taken that, although full regularity is an unattainable aim in morphological analysis, a combination of projections and constructions on the explanatory side and syntagmatic as well as paradigmatic analysis on the descriptive side can explain certain synchronic regularities in derivational morphology and take a new look at some unproductive patterns. In synchronic analysis, this research concentrates on processes that apply regularly if the definitions of the source and target category of the derivation are taken into account. In this framework, functional categories may undergo functional adjustment and produce, through linking meaning-form that operates on lexical structures, fully specified words represented by means of the LSW. In diachronic analysis, the derivational paradigm states morphological relatedness both in the synchronic and the diachronic axis. At the same time, the Nuclear Shell Principle stipulates that the Nucleus of the LSW isolates opaque non-productive stem formations that are recoverable in the diachrony only, thus distinguishing unproductive from productive processes in the synchrony. A discussion of the relevance of the LSW to cross-linguistic analysis yields the conclusions that the layered morphological structure and the morphological template are applicable to non-Indo-European languages and that lexical negation, modification, causativity, and relators are leading candidates for universal lexical operators.