茶堡嘉絨語的反向範疇

The Inverse in Japhug Rgyalrong

猶如其他嘉絨語方言一樣，茶堡話有正向／反向範疇。雖然茶堡話反向範疇的語法功能接近廣為人知的亞爾岡京語系反向範疇，兩者之間仍然有明顯的區別，例如茶堡話有實施格而沒有近指／遠指的語法範疇。本文仔細研究了茶堡話反向前綴的形態變化和語法功能。首先，本文概括地介紹茶堡話正向／反向範疇的類型特徵，專門討論這個範疇在動詞系統中的地位以及它和其他語言的正向／反向範疇在結構上的異同。其次，本文運用 Givón (1983) 的研究方法，計算並整理反向前綴在傳統故事中的出處來研究反向前綴出現的語用、語義和句法條件。最後，本文將計算出來的結果與 Dryer (1994) 對古特乃語的研究結構進行比較。

Japhug, like other Rgyalrong languages, has an inverse marking system. Although it presents many similarities with the better-described direct/inverse systems of Algonquian languages, it also shows striking differences with them, such as the presence of an ergative case marking system instead of a proximate/obviative distinction. In this paper, we propose a detailed study of the forms and functions of the inverse prefix in Japhug. First, we give a general description of inverse marking in Japhug, including its place in the verbal person marking system and its structural differences with inverse systems in several other languages. Second, we apply Givón’s (1983) methodology of text counts to study the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic parameters that determine the use of the inverse marker in narratives and compare it to the result of Dryer’s (1994) study on obviation in Kutenai.