異相主語標記與人稱認可條件

Differential Subject Marking and Person Licensing Condition

本文分析旁遮普語（Punjabi）完成貌中的第一及第二人稱主語。此 種印度雅利安語同時擁有時貌和人稱為基礎的部分作格性（split ergativity），其作格主語只在完成貌中出現，且僅有第三人稱的主語可以帶有作格格位。我們呈現證據顯示無標記的第一及第二人稱主語在 完成貌中既非作格亦非主格。根據 Béjar 和 Rezac’s（2003）的人稱認 可條件（Person Licensing Condition），帶有人稱特徵的限定詞組，該 人稱特徵必須和中心語做呼應（Agree）。本文假定中心語 µ 介於 vP 和 TP 之間，並將移位之第一和第二人稱限定詞組標值為斜格，第三 人稱的限定詞組則會留在原地並得到作格。由本文我們可推論至更深 入之理論觀點：異相主語標記是結構性的現象。由人稱認可條件所決 定的主語相對位置對於異相格位標記頗具重要性，而旁遮普語之異相 主語標記和異相賓語標記是彼此獨立、互相不受影響的。

Punjabi, an Indo-Aryan language, has both aspect and person-based split ergativity; ergative subjects appear only in the perfective, and only 3rd person subjects may bear ergative case. We analyze Punjabi 1st/2nd person subjects in the perfective and present evidence that they are neither ergative nor nominative. These DPs (determiner phrases) carry a [+person] feature that must enter into a valuation relation with a head, obeying Béjar and Rezac's (2003) Person Licensing Condition. This head, µ, we assume, lies between vP and TP (Tense Phrase) and values the raised 1st/2nd DPs as oblique. 3rd person DPs remain in situ at vP and are ergative case-valued. The theoretical implication is that differential subject marking is a configurational phenomenon. The relative position of the subjects, determined by their person licensing requirements, is crucial to their differential case marking. We also show that Punjabi differential subject marking is independent of differential object marking.