人類學與有限性——論傅柯對「現代哲學｣之詮釋與批判

Anthropology and Finitude — Foucault’s Interpretations and Critiques of “Modern Philosophy”

對傅柯而言，現代哲學的主體觀是建立在從十九世紀開始的有關人的研究上。他強調西方一直到十八世紀末才出現人的科學，而康德則是現代哲學的奠基者。自康德起，人成為所有一切哲學反思的中心。現代哲學具有的人類學特點在於其將所有與人有關的問題侷限於人的有限性範圍內。然而，對傅柯來說，這個立基在有限性上的現代哲學人類學對西方哲學所造成的結果卻是產生了一種所謂的「人類學幻象」，其最終所造成的是現代哲學陷入到所謂的「人類學沉睡」中。本文主要針對傅柯對於現代哲學人類學化的詮釋與批判進行研究。

For Foucault, the subject of modern philosophy was built on the study of man in the beginning of the 19th century. He stressed that human sciences appeared in the western world only at the end of the 18th century and that Kant was the founder of modern philosophy. Starting from Kant, man has become the center of all philosophical reflections. The anthropological features of modern philosophy are characterized by its confinement to all human problems within the finitude of human. However, from the perspectives of Foucault, this modern philosophical anthropology built on finitude created an “anthropological illusion” that had impacted the western philosophy and brought modern philosophy into an “anthropological sleep”. This paper aims to study Foucault’s interpretations and critiques of modern philosophy.