語義原型：以漢語110為例

Meaning Prototype: A Study of ‘110’ in Chinese

詞語意義的原型觀在認知語言學中比較普遍，該原型觀實質上是基於一種靜態的固定的原型之上的。本文嘗試提出詞語意義的動態原型觀，並通過對漢語110的個案分析對其進行解釋說明，認為語義原型本身具有動態、功能、和發展的特性。在概念層次上，動態語義原型含有詞語的句法與語義特徵，其動態性在於詞語的核心知識。該核心知識在詞語的使用過程中主要通過轉喻和隱喻認知機制而發展。語義原型也因其核心知識的發展變化而變化，在不同時期或不同的場景，可能會有不同的語義原型佔據突顯地位，先前的語義原型因而隱退，但在適當的時候也可能重新佔據突顯地位而成為該詞語的新的語義原型。

The prototype view of word meaning is widely held in cognitive linguistics. However, it is generally a fixed and static view. This paper attempts to propose a dynamic prototype view of meaning and explicates it through a corpus analysis of ‘110’ in China. It tentatively argues that meaning prototype is dynamic, functional, and developmental in nature, conceptually accommodating the different syntactic and semantic values of a word with ease, its dynamic relying heavily on central knowledge, which moves and develops through metonymy and metaphor in the use of a word. Meaning prototype develops in the uses of the word, and meaning develops in accordance with meaning prototype. In a different period or scenario, a different meaning prototype is likely to attain the forefront as the figure, and the previous meaning prototype fades to become the ground, although it may sometimes be ushered back to the figure position in a particular scenario.