漢語述評兼語句的分類及原型效應

Chinese Descriptive Pivotal Construction: Taxonomy and Prototypicality

這份研究初步調查漢語描寫兼語句，其語料均取自大型語料庫及互聯網。文章的關注重點是這種句子的語義分類及各類之間的關係。描寫兼語句中主、次動詞之間的兼語一般具有不定性，而且常有數詞短語修飾。這些數詞短語以數量結構占優，其中最普遍情形是「一十量詞」的組配。依據其主動詞語義特徵，描寫兼語句可分九類，不同類別之間以連續性而非離散性的方式相關聯，其中主動詞含「存在」意義的句子具有原型或核心地位。描寫兼語句偏離其原型特徵幅度之大，與這類句子的高能產性和語義上的多元性相吻合。

This study, which is a preliminary survey of the Chinese descriptive pivotal construction (D-PVC), focuses primarily on the taxonomy and prototype effects of this construction. In contrast to previous discussions, which have been based on observations from a limited number of examples, this study extracted data from both a largescale Chinese corpus and Internet sources. In the D-PVC, usually the pivot N (i.e. noun phrase between matrix verb and complement verb) is indefinite. It is often, but not always, preceded by a numeral phrase. Statistically the D-PVC instances in which the pivot N is preceded by a classifier phrase dominate. Particularly, the classifier phrases preceding the pivot N are most often the combination of ‘one’ and a classifier. Based on the semantic properties of the matrix verbs, instances of this construction are classified into nine primary types. The D-PVC instances are prototypically structured and those in which the matrix verbs designate ‘presence’ are the central members. Determined by multiple factors, the non-prototypical instances deviate from the central members in different ways. This indicates that D-PVC instances are semantically related to one another continuously. That the D-PVC permits considerable semantic extension from its prototype characterization accords well with the facts that in modern Mandarin, the D-PVC is productive and capable of encoding a wide range of semantic variations.