中國涉外關係的政策選項－以明代廷議征伐安南的歷史實踐為例

Political Policy Option of China Foreign Affairs－Arguing about Battle of An-Nan in Ming Dynasty

天下係中國自創建以來對其所統治領域的稱謂，也是學者趙汀陽所謂的天下體系，或是學者張啟雄稱為中華世界帝國。由於天子是天下的共主，基於所謂的天命主宰天下人與天下物，也因此中國與周邊國家的涉外關係便有了尊卑、長幼與上下的連結，這也就證成孔子「名正言順」的名分論，以及隨之營生秩序井然的涉外關係－封貢體制－之運行。一般而言，中國涉外的治理係採取不治治之的原則。換言之，也就是間接治理的自治。此措施源自於黃帝戰勝蚩尤後設兩大監治理農耕部落，自己則率領遊牧部落逐水草而居。這樣的治理型態正是治之與不治治之的原發狀態。再進一步言，不治治之係為中國涉外治理的規範。要言之，只要臣服中國，作天子的臣子行朝王納貢之禮則天子允各國自治自理其政務，天子不干預該國內政。本文欲取用國際政治理論之不干預原則的概念，運用敘事論述的方法析論明代朝臣對安南之役的論辯，欲藉此論證不治治之的治理即中國涉外關係的「不干預原則」。問題意識來自於「禮樂征伐自天子出」，然征伐是達成治國、平天下唯一的手段？另，《越嶠書》言：「天子有征無戰」？此為天子另一種治國、平天下方式的呈現？兩者的關聯性為何？文章討論明代嘉靖年間安南國內發生臣子莫登庸篡奪王位一事，國王黎氏臣子鄭惟憭赴明廷控訴莫登庸篡弒君主與後嗣，明世宗下令臣子議論此事，群臣議論大致分為三派，一是主張攻伐懲戒，一是棄絕安南令其自生自滅，一是不治治之的不干預其內政。文章首先論中國涉外不干預的原則，即明翰林院編修湛若水的論點。其次為主張攻伐懲治安南的大臣林希元。復次則論述田汝成的棄絕安南論。再次為論及明廷政策選項與情勢發展。最後以義戰的論點論結。

T'ien-hsia was governed by China, who created the territory. In the main, All-underheaven governed by T'ien-tzu, he was a ruler in China territory, in fact. In other words, China territory was T'ien-hsia or Chinese world, governed by T'ien-tzu. T'ien-hsia or Chinese world was composed of China and subordinate state. Because of T'ien-tzu is master of the territory. There are two types of pattern governed in the T'ien-hsia, governed or non-governed could manage China foreign affairs relationship. Especially, subordinate state regime underlie in insider disorder and outsider calamity in Sino-Vietnamese relations. The issue question was dominated by the imperial way of managing the subordinate states which those are responsibility of T'ien-tzu. However, non-governed and restored a fallen state stemmed from the Confucian classical teaching. So, T'ien-tzu took full responsibility for preventive war or non-governed to maintain each other relationship in Sino-Vietnamese relations. Frankly speaking, a dilemma made hard choice for non-governed or preventive war, non-governed is principle of types in the T'ien-hsia. On other hand, preventive war is duty of T'ien-tzu. By and large, China and Vietnam are close relationship in T'ien-hsia or Chinese world. Hence, T'ien-tzu held balance of reality and ideals carefully. First, the paper described non-governed opinion. Second, view of preventive war to presentation. Third, the empire abandoned the subordinate state in the article. Fourth, political policy option made a decision. Finally, pointed out the just war concept in conclusion. To sum up, T'ien-tzu was ruler of T'ien-haia or Chinese world, who should be settled non-intervention to satisfactorily, or proved responsibility of T'ien-tzu to preventive war. Its article manifests subject issues.