周代「諸侯大夫宗廟圖」研究

A Study of the“Pictures of Suzerains and Aristocrats in Zhou Dynasty Ancestral Temples”

本文結合考古資料與傳世禮學著作，探討西周至春秋時代的宗廟結構，以重新繪製「諸侯大夫宗廟圖」、「公之宗廟圖」，使研讀《儀禮》的過程，有更合乎當時實況的禮圖加以參照。本文就歷來禮學專家對宮室、宗廟的研究，擇要論述，將不同的看法加以歸類，以究其源。在出土實物上，本文參考的西周建築遺址，以1999-2000年於陝西雲塘與齊鎮發掘的西周建築基址（F1、F8；F4、F9）及1981-1984年陝西鳳翔馬家莊一號建築群遺址為依據，由於所見遺址的身分等級是大夫以上，因此本文重新繪製的「諸侯大夫宗廟圖」是以諸侯大夫的身分為適用對象；「公之宗廟圖」則以諸侯中最高一級的公為適用對象。

This study combines archaeological information with early books on etiquette to explore the structures of ancestral temples from the Western Zhou 西周 to the Spring and Autumn period, and to reconstruct“the pictures of the suzerains 諸侯 and the aristocrats ( 大夫, senior officials in feudal China) in ancestral temples”and“the pictures of dukes in ancestral temples.”Therefore, scholars of the I-li 儀禮 can refer to the reconstructions of the pictures, which correspond to the actualities of the times. This article discusses the important parts in books about ancestral temples that focus on Chinese etiquette and it classifies the different perspectives so as to explore their origins. On the excavations, this article refers to ancient Chinese先秦 remains according to the Western Zhou building foundations F and F at Yuntang雲塘, building foundations F4 and F9 at Qizhen齊鎮 in Shanxi陝西, excavated from 999-2000, and building foundation F at Majiazhuang馬家莊 in Fengxiang 鳳翔 in Shanxi, excavated from 9 - 9 4. The social status of the owners of these building foundations was that of an aristocrat. Therefore, the reconstructions of“the pictures of the suzerains and the aristocrats in ancestral tombs”in this paper apply only to people with such high status. Similarly,“the pictures of dukes in ancestral temples”only describe the dukes—the highest class among the suzerains.