五代南方王國的封神運動

The Investment of Gods in the Southern Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties Period

本文討論五代南方地方王國推行的封神運動。既有研究認為，北宋中期以後封賜活動開始大盛，本文則指出，這些王國兼具地方與國家的雙重性格，既有治理一境的視野，復有賜封官爵的名器，才是封神範圍擴大的主要動力。南方王國在建立新的支配身分時，試圖以官爵收編祠祀信仰，援引其影響力，以積累統治威望。他們致力提高神祇的名位，不同於五代王朝無意封神的態度，形成此時封神活動「南熱北冷」的現象。南方王國確立的封神傳統，可能間接引動北宋封賜活動的大盛。宋初朝廷一度壓抑此一傳統，但是隨著南方官僚的興起而趨於復甦，至神宗、徽宗兩朝，南人主政，封賜活動轉趨大盛。宋廷改採積極封神的作法，其祠祀措施反而出現「南方化」的轉變。

This article discusses the movement that arose in the Southern Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties to confer noble titles and official ranks upon gods. There is past research to suggest that this practice of god investment began to surge in popularity after the middle of the Northern Song. I will show that the Southern Kingdoms, being both regions and nations in character, were not only focused on governing their territory, but also had the power to confer rank and title, and that this situation was the main impetus for expanding the scope of god investiture. From the time of the independent establishment of the Southern Kingdoms onwards, when creating new “identities of domination,” rulers attempted to harness the popular belief in sacrificing to gods by conferring upon them noble titles and official ranks, invoking their influential power in order to accumulate prestige for rule. In contrast to the empire in the North’s relative disinterest in god investment, these kings diligently used the practice to enhance the prestige and fame of the gods within their area of control, thus creating the phenomenon of “southern popularity and northern indifference” to god investment at the time.