從「以古非今」到「因世權行」：漢初儒者對秦漢新政治秩序的回應

From Conservatives to Progressives: Confucian Responses to the New Polity in the Early Western Han

本文聚焦於叔孫通與陸賈如何在漢初之世回應儒家發展所遭遇的困境。先秦儒家政治思想中對於政治權力結構與權力正當性的部分觀點，在戰國秦漢政治體制轉換之際，出現思想理論與現實發展歧異的問題。這個問題結合戰國以來對於儒家「好古無用」、「以古亂今」的負面評價，導致儒家在秦漢之際面臨與新政權的衝突。叔孫通與陸賈故而各以不同方式面對儒家理想中之古道與現實發展之今政的歧異，或使儒術與儒者得以調適於新政體制，或使儒學得以新的角色定位，繼續為漢代政治指出應然方向，展現儒家「因世權行」的可能性，恢復並開啟了儒家在新時代的發展。

This article discusses how the Confucian scholars Shusun Tong 叔孫通 and Lu Jia 陸賈 reformed traditional Confucian discourse in an effort to resolve conflicts with early Han political authorities. In the Warring States period, there was widespread criticism of Confucian scholars’ veneration of the legendary golden age of antiquity. Moreover, both Legalist scholars and the emperors of the Qin and early Han dynasties regarded speech about the ancient sage-kings as a challenge to their authority, and as a result, they castigated Confucians for their propensity for “referring to the past to criticize the present.” In response, Shusun Tong and Lu Jia worked to reform Confucian political philosophy in terms of structure of power and legitimacy of authority respectively. Their efforts not only adapted Confucianism to the new polity but also resumed the impact of Confucianism in a new political era.