從山地到山腳：排灣族與魯凱族的社會網絡與集體遷村

From Mountains to Foothills: Social Networks and Collective Relocations of Paiwan and Rukai Tribes

本文全面整理1931年以來排灣族與魯凱族的集體遷村史，並探討遷村地點的配置是否符合部落原有的地緣關係與社會網絡。霧社事件後，將山地原住民遷下山成為政府的基本方針。首當其衝者，是日本人視為最難管理的布農族與泛泰雅族群。進入1940年代，日本統治者將矛頭轉向排灣族與魯凱族，推出大規模的集團移住計畫。這些計畫完全不尊重部落原有的地緣關係與社會網絡，包含大量跨領域的遠距離移住，甚至將許多敵對部落結合起來。隨著日本戰敗，這些計畫並未完成。國民黨政府雖然延續將山地原住民遷下山的政策，但並非執行日本統治者未完成的計畫。戰後的遷村顯得較尊重原住民的意願，大部分案例符合部落原有的地緣關係與社會網絡。2009年的莫拉克颱風再度迫使仍留在山上的原住民遷徙下山。然而，以家戶為單位的永久屋分配機制造成部落的裂解與離散。如今，大多數排灣族與魯凱族人已離開山地，沿著中央山脈兩側山腳地帶分布。

This article comprehensively collates the history of collective relocations of Paiwan and Rukai tribes since 1931, and explores whether the configuration of relocations corresponded to the original geographical and social networks of tribes. After the Busha Incident of 1930, relocating the mountain tribes became the chief policy of the government. Bunun and pan-Atayal, who were considered by the Japanese the most difficult to govern, bear the brunt of impact. During the 1940s, the Japanese rulers turned their spearheads to Paiwan and Rukai, and launched large-scale relocation plans. Without respecting for the original geographical and social networks of tribes, the relocation involved extensive cross-territorial migration, even mergers of hostile tribes. Following the defeat of Japan, the plans remained unfulfilled. The Kuomintang (KMT) government, while continuing to relocate mountain tribes, made no attempt to carry out the previously unfinished plans. Post-war relocations had greater respect for the wishes of the indigenous peoples and most of the cases were in line with the original geographical and social networks of tribes. Severe hit of Typhoon Morakot in 2009 once again forced the indigenous peoples who remain in their original settlements to move down the mountain. However, the allocation mechanism of permanent housing with household as a unit led to split and dispersion among the tribes. Today, most of the Paiwan and Rukai peoples have left the mountains, and settled along foothills regions on both sides the Central Mountain Range.