經驗體標記「過」的歷史由來

The Historical Development of the Experiential Aspect “Guo”

現代漢語的「過」可以用來表達經驗體，經驗體「過」又可分為「過1」與「過2」兩種，前者為有定的經驗體，後者為無定的經驗體。本文探討經驗體「過」的歷史發展過程。為了要確定近代漢語語料中的「過」成為經驗體標記的時間，我們提出了一套檢測的判準。檢測的結論是在唐五代文獻中還沒見到「過」為真正的經驗體之例，宋代雖可以證明經驗體「過」已經成立，只是例子仍然相當有限。我們也提出了如何在歷史語料中區辨「過1」與「過2」的檢測方法，檢測的結論是目前能夠證明的 「過1」與「過2」分化的時間是在明代。至於「過」的語法化機制，本文指出，「過」成為經驗體是經由與特定的一類動詞搭配而發展出來的；至於「過2」，則是由於「過1」與無定經驗體副詞「曾」經常搭配，沾染了「曾」的功能而形成的。

The word “guo 過” in modern Chinese can be used as an experiential aspect marker, which can be divided into “guo1” and “guo2”, denoting definite experience and indefinite experience respectively. This paper investigates the historical development of the experiential aspect marker “guo”. We propose four criteria to discriminate the examples which are experiential “guo” from which are not in the texts of the Tang and Song dynasties. The examination result in accordance with the method is that the “guo” was not a real experiential aspect marker until the Song dynasty. This paper also proposes an examination method to discriminate “guo1” from “guo2” in the Early Mandarin Chinese corpora, the result of which is that the Ming dynasty should be the initial stage of the differentiation between “guo1” and “guo2”. With regarding to the mechanisms of the grammaticalization of “guo”, this paper points out that the formation of the experiential aspect marker “guo” is by way of its constant collocation with a specific type of verbs, and that the cause of “guo1” ‘s turning into “guo2” is that “guo1” was constantly collocated with the adverb “ceng 曾” denoting indefinite experience and infected with the function of “ceng”.