西夏語動詞的人稱呼應與音韻轉換

Personal Agreements and Phonological Alternations in the Tangut Verb

本文舉出許多例句證明西夏語的人稱呼應中，主語呼應常伴隨著動詞的音韻變化，而動詞後的人稱詞尾反而常被省略，因此西夏語動詞的主語呼應並不完全依靠人稱詞尾來表達，反而常常要看動詞的變化。此外本文也指出許多看來似乎不相關的動詞變化，其實是同一種變化，只因根據有瑕疵的西夏語音韻構擬做研究，才不能顯現其規律性而已。本文嘗試根據人稱詞尾所引起的動詞變化的類型給動詞做分類，初步把與人稱呼應有關的動詞分為下列五類：1. 前元音-ji 與後元音-jo 的轉換；2. 後元音-ju 與後元音-jo 的轉換；3. 前元音與央元音的轉換；4. 有-j 尾的動詞與沒有-j 尾的動詞的轉換；5. 不變化動詞。1至4的轉換，基本上都是短元音轉成短元音、長元音轉成長元音、鬆元音轉成鬆元音、緊元音轉成緊元音、捲舌元音轉成捲舌元音，有條不紊、系統井然。

The personal agreements in Tangut were uncovered and studied by Kepping. The relationships between personal agreements and phonological alternations have been explored by Nishida. As the result of their study, our knowledge of the Tangut verbal morphology has greatly advanced. Yet various phenomena related with personal agreements, such as the phonological alternations of the verbs and the rules governing the alternations still remain obscure. One of the causes for this is that the phonological reconstructions made by Nishida and Sofronov contain some shortcomings and are therefore incapable to reveal the true nature of phonological alternations. Nishida based his study of the personal agreements on his own Tangut reconstructions, whereas Kepping based her study on the reconstructions of Sofronov. They both failed to discover the regularity of the phonological alternations of verbs involved in personal agreements. Basing on numerous examples, this paper presents the evidence that the subject agreements always cause phonological changes in verb, whereas the object agreements do not. The personal pronouns following the verbs can be left unexpressed. Therefore the subject agreements of Tangut verbs are mainly expressed by means of the phonological alternations of the verb, rather than by the personal pronouns following the verbs. This paper also shows that many seemingly unrelated phonological alternations of the verbs are in reality one and the same sort of alternations. It is due to the inadequate reconstructions that the similarity between the alternations has remained unrevealed. This paper attempts to classify Tangut verbs in accordance with the patterns of phonological alternations of the verbs caused by personal endings. They are tentably classified into the following five groups. 1. Alternations between front vowels (-ji) and back vowels (-jo) 2. Alternations between back vowels (-ju) and back vowels (-jo) 3. Alternations between front vowels and central vowels 4. Alternations between verbs with -j ending and those without -j ending 5. Verbs that do not show any phonological alternations Alternations 1-4 above are consistent in that short vowels always alternate with short vowels, long vowels with long vowels, lax vowels with lax vowels, tense vowels with tense vowels and retroflex vowels with retroflex vowels, etc.