中國大陸土地徵收問題研究

Research on Land Expropriation in China

過去中國大陸的土地徵收法制基本上是重實體、輕程序，因為重視實體公共利益內涵的界定，而忽視土地徵收程序中被徵收者的程序保障，往往激化被徵收者不斷的抗爭。再者，土地徵收法制尚不完備，這為行政機關的強制徵收大開方便之門。關於中國大陸的土地徵收問題，過去法律沒有修正之前，因為沒有明確界定公共利益，導致行政機關在適用法律過程中容易產生裁量空間，為土地徵收的濫用提供了可能性。在法律修正後對公共利益給予明確界定，並試圖為一直紛爭不斷的土地徵收問題提供完善的解決之道。然而，公共利益是一個開放性的概念，會隨著歷史的演進而不斷地變更其內容。事實上，中國大陸土地徵收問題並非在公共利益的界定，而是沒有一套完善的土地徵收制度的程序保障與救濟機制。

The past regulations of land expropriation in China could be briefly described as “substantial over procedural.” It refers to the legal inclination of focusing on interpretation of “public interest” in substantive law rather than protection of procedural interest of the individuals whose properties are expropriated, and such inclination has often resulted in continuous protest and demonstration. Besides, incompletion of legislation also paved an overly smooth way for compulsive expropriation. Before the recent amendments are made to the regulation, land expropriation could possibly be misused under administrative discretion without proper limit, since the interpretation of public interest had been ambiguous. To provide a relatively comprehensive resolution, the recent amendments give explicit definition to the concept of public interest. However, public interest is actually a changeable concept which would evolve along historical development. This research finds that, in fact, problems of land expropriation in China are resulted from lack of sufficient protection of procedural interest and systematic legal remedies, instead of interpretation of concept of public interest.