越不快樂的你越會多喝兩杯酒或多哈幾根煙嗎？

Unhappier You Demand More Alcohol or Cigarette?

情緒低落或不快樂的人們之喝酒或抽煙所造成的負面影響，不止引發對個人健康危害，更連帶對家庭及社會造成有形及無形的負荷。本文奠基於Loewenstein et al.（2001）、Slovic et al.（2002）與Lyubomirsky、King 與Diener（2005）之概念架構，將個人的不同快樂程度視為決策的影響因子，探討越不快樂的人是否越會喝酒或抽煙？進而分析不同快樂程度對喝酒與抽煙消費數量的影響。為達此目的，本文採用來自於中央研究院「台灣地區心臟血管疾病風險因子研究」（Cardiovascular DiseaseRisk Factors Two Township Study，CVDFACTS）的調查研究資料為驗證。結果顯示，越不快樂的人，具有較高的機率持續飲酒。而快樂程度與平均每天酒精需求量，呈現U 字形的關係，即「很快樂」與「很不快樂」者都會有較高的酒精需求量。然「很不快樂」的人對酒精需求量之增加，將使得借酒澆愁、愁更愁。而在抽煙行為上，越不快樂的人，則相對有較高機率答覆會持續抽煙。而顯現在平均每天的抽煙量上，越不快樂的人，其快樂程度與抽煙行為具有負向關係。由此一結果可知，國家或是社會整體營造快樂情境的重要，以避免個人藉由抽煙與飲酒對個人、家庭及社會整體可能造成的傷害與負擔。

The negative effects from alcohol and smoking due to depressionand unhappiness not only damage individual but also bring tangible andintangible burden for the family and the society. As such, the purpose ofthis paper based upon the framework of Loewenstein et al. (2001), Slovicet al. (2002), and Lyubomirsky, King, and Diener (2005), is to investigatethe relationship between the demand for alcohol or cigarette for peoplewith different characteristics of happiness. A set of data, CardiovascularDisease Risk Factors Two Township Study, collected by Academia Sinicaof Taiwan is used for this purpose. The results show that there is aninversed-U shape between the degree of happiness and the demand foralcohol. This reveals both for people with characteristics of highhappiness and those with high unhappiness. It is especially important toknow that people with high unhappy characteristics normally intend toeliminate the sorrow through alcohol but over-drinking just reinforces thedistress. As with smoking, there is an inversed relationship between thedegree of happiness and numbers of cigarettes demanded daily. Thisshows that people with high unhappy characteristics will demand morecigarettes. These results imply the importance of enhancing happyenvironment in the society and to individual.