法國與我國在半總統體制上之制度差異──中華民國邁向「總理─總統制」次類型之制度初探

The Institutional Difference Between France and Taiwan- Possible Ways of Reform When changes into the Premier-presidentialism

半總統制在政府組織運作上，會因為總統、國會與總理的三者關係，而在實際運作上呈現出極為複雜的運作態樣，形成一致政府或分立政府，而分立政府，更會影響到政府後續施政效率。另外，學者將半總統制之政治體制分為「總理──總統制」、「總統──議會制」兩種次類型，其中以「總理──總統制」在半總統制運作中屬於較佳之次類型運作模式。而本論文發現法國與我國在制度設計上，於憲法上皆有總統任命總理，無須國會同意之制度設計，惟在實際之憲政運作上，法國與我國卻分別走向「總理──總統制」及「總統──議會制」兩種不同之次類型運作模式。就此，本論文試圖從其憲政慣例及制度上之配套設計，此兩角度來觀察，就法國及我國於半總統制之憲政規範及實踐面來討論，比較兩國制度面之差異外，亦就政治實際運作面來探究，來解釋為何兩國在有著相同制度設計，最後會走上不同之運作模式。最後，就制度上提出我國未來如過要邁向「總理──總統制」此理想半總統制運作，於制度上可以參考、調整之建議。

The government performance in semi-presidential system will be inferenced by the relationship of the president, the congress, and the premier and will resulted into a very complex form of government, such as the congruent government or the divided government. The divided government will affect the efficiency. Furthermore, scholars have classified the semi-presidential system into two sub-types that are Premier-presidentialism and President-parliamentarism. The Premier-presidentialism is the one with better performance between the above two sub-types. The sub-type which just mentioned. This thesis discovered that France and Taiwan both have the same constitution act that regulates the premier appointed by the president. However, France and Taiwan both went separate rout and France becomes Premier-presidentialism while Taiwan is President-parliamentarism. Therefore, this thesis tries to find out the reason behind the difference between the constitutional convention and the regulation issue. This thesis studied the matter from the regulatory and practical perspectives and explained the differences between them. Lastly, this thesis proposed some methods that Taiwan government could consider changing into Premier-presidentialism in the future.