太魯閣國家公園遊憩衝擊降低方案之經濟效益分析

Evaluation of Economic Benefits under National Park Recreation Impact Reduction Program: A Case of Taroko National Park in Taiwan

國家公園具有保護國家特有之自然風景、野生物及史蹟，並供國民育樂及研究等多重功能。然遊客高度成長將會使國家公園在營運管理、產業發展及遊憩品質上造成負面影響。民眾在國家公園旅遊活動時，往往遭遇空氣汙染、佔用道路違規停車、步道坍塌行走不易，以及遊客過多等擁擠問題，使其影響旅遊品質與未來重訪意願。本研究以前往太魯閣國家公園的遊客為研究對象，參考遊憩衝擊降低方案的相關研究，並考量目前太魯閣國家公園遊憩衝擊問題，利用條件行為法分析並評估「生態衝擊管理」、「社會衝擊管理」、「設施衝擊管理」及「遊憩管理」等四項國家公園遊憩衝擊降低方案下所獲得的經濟效益。結果顯示：（1）國家公園四項遊憩衝擊降低方案對遊客的遊憩需求上，皆產生明顯的結構性變化；（2）在各項國家公園遊憩衝擊降低方案下，遊客對國家公園的遊憩需求不具價格彈性與所得彈性，而遊客所得高低差異對於國家公園遊憩需求的影響低；（3）各遊憩衝擊降低方案均可顯著提高遊客前往國家公園旅遊的經濟效益，其中以「生態衝擊管理」與「設施衝擊管理」方案所獲得之經濟效益相對較高。

National parks have multiple functions of preserving the nation'sunique natural scenery, wild fauna and flora, historic sites, and providingpublic recreation and areas for scientific research. However, highlyincreased tourists might cause negative impacts on the operationalmanagement, industry development, and recreation quality. Tourists’visiting parks often suffer from air pollution, parking violation, safety issuessuch as trail damage, and overcrowding and congestion. All above factorswill influence the travel quality and visitors’ revisit behavioral intentions.This study investigated the tourists visiting Taroko National Park based onprior researches of reducing recreational impacts and currently existingissues in Taroko National Park. Contingent behavior approach was utilizedto analyze four Taroko National Park recreational impact reductionprograms (ecological impact management, social impact management,facility impact management, recreational management) and evaluate theeconomical benefits under four programs, respectively. The results showthat: (1) the four recreational impact reduction programs have significantchanges in terms of tourists’ recreational demand; (2) the recreation demand for the national park have less price and income flexibility underthe four programs; the difference of tourists’ income levels have lowimpacts on their demands for the national park; (3) the four recreationalimpact reduction programs significantly increase the economical benefits ofthe national park, especially “ecological impact management,” and “facilityimpact management” have relatively higher benefits than other two.