江右學者胡廬山思想脈絡析論－－從「闡述師教」談起

An Analysis of Hu Zhi’s Thought: With Discussion on His“Explaining Teachers”

胡直（1517-1585），江西泰和人。江右王門之再傳。目前有關廬山的研究成果雖有，但細緻度不夠，有關其思想轉承的環節尚未交代清楚。所謂「轉承」並非指其外在的客觀經歷，而是指內在思想的遞接轉承。本文擬從廬山闡述師教的文獻為線索，依照時間順序，探討其思想脈絡。首先討論廬山受到師教的影響，反省學術時弊，便以「博文約禮」為思想主旨；接著探討廬山雖然批判「重內輕外」的時弊，但自己卻是透過靜坐體悟萬物一體之理，其思想強調「仁體」此層面，故遭到羅念菴的糾正；最後提出儒佛之辨是廬山思想必須解決的問題，及其思想的確具有三教合一的特色。期能彌補目前研究成果之不足。

Hu Zhi (胡直, 1517-1585), a Neo-Confucian scholar during the middle Ming dynasty, was born in Taihe 泰和 in Jiangxi 江西. He was a prominent second-generation scholar in the Jiangyou School of Wang Yangming’s Thought 江右王學. While scholars have studied Hu Zhi’s thought in the past, previous research is lacking in depth. Specifically, who and what influenced his thought has not been sufficiently explored. This influence is less of an experiential one based on external circumstances; rather it is an internal association with traditions that preceded him. The paper first discusses the influence of his teachers, his reflections on the problems with academics at the time, and the emergence of the concept “promote learning and limit formalities” 博文約禮 as the core of his thought. Second, it analyzes the paradox of Hu’s criticism of the ideology “emphasizing the internal at the expense of the external” that was in vogue at the time, and the fact that Hu himself gained enlightenment and understanding regarding the universal whole through meditation. Furthermore, he emphasized “the essence of benevolence,” which brought on criticism from Luo Nianan 羅念菴. Lastly, it expounds on the need to differentiate between Confucianism and Buddhism in Hu’s writings. There are elements of all three “doctrines” (i.e., Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism) in his thought. It is hoped this study will help fill in some gaps in our understanding of Hu Zhi.